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在英语写作中许多学生往往把重心放在语言点的表达上，而很少考虑如何就不同体裁的文章去精心地谋篇布局。因此，常常出现所写内容游离主题，不能合理地使用主题句、扩展句和结论句来有效地阐明事物的前因后果；表达上缺乏一定的条理性，忽东忽西，从而给人以零乱的感觉；在结构上忽视段与段、句与句的有效衔接，无层次感等种种现象，这些现象导致学生的书面表达在测试中不能取得良好的分数。如何才能在写作中行之有效地学会谋篇布局呢？根据自己的教学实践，本人认为可从以下几方面实施。
一、突出文章的主题性
许多学生在实际写作中常常忽视文章的主题性，往往采用开门见山的形式去表达文章的内容要点，其结果所阐述的内容只能是无本之源。因此在实际写作时须注意文章的汉语提示，使用恰当的话语来点明文章的主题，从而引出所需要论述的内容，并在此基础上加以逐步的阐述。如：
1. Many students are now faced with problems like deciding whether to focus on science or arts. However, some parents force their children to make the choice at their will, not taking the children’s interests or preferences into account, which troubles many students.
该文主要论述高中学生面临文理分科时所出现的艰难抉择。部分家长则总是按照自己的愿望给孩子进行选择，而丝毫不顾及其子女的爱好和兴趣。这样的情况常常使得许多学生感到为难。利用此段落开头引出文章的主题，围绕一些家长的做法让学生结合自己的实际情况去展开论述，其脉络必然清晰。所以一篇佳作首先要主题突出，才能引人入胜。
2. Nowadays, there is an increasing tendency for parents to design the future for their children. Regardless of the children’s interests, some parents want them to attend all kinds of remedial classes, laying a heavy burden on their shoulders. As a result, the children almost have no time to play.
纵观当前学生苦学的原因不难看出，家长们望子成龙，望女成凤的思想根深蒂固。他们精心为子女设计美好的未来，却忽视了子女的爱好，使他们背负沉重的负担，其结果也许适得其反。基于这一点，文章用某些社会现象作为主题而提出，而且又与学生的实际情况吻合，在接下来的写作中学生必然有感而发。因此，要想写好一篇文章首先必须确定用什么话语来呈现主题内容，只有明确了主题，才能有效地在此基础上加以展开叙述，这也是好的习作成功的第一步。
二、注意表达的条理性
一篇好的文章在就某个具体的问题进行阐述时要注意其条理性。忽视这一点必然会导致所写的内容凌乱，从而给人以东拉西扯的感觉。这也是许多学生在实际写作中常犯的毛病之一。阅读下面的两个段落也许会从中领悟到其行文的流畅性。
1. There are many ways of getting information. On the one hand, we can read newspapers and magazines to obtain information. On the other hand, we can get information by listening to the radio or watching TV. Besides, we can even surf the internet to get some more important information.
该段落主要叙述了如何才能有效地获取信息。人们可以通过不同的三个途径来获得信息。阅读报纸、杂志，收听广播或看电视，通过网络等。在阐述这些内容时通过On the one hand，On the other hand以及Besides等相关的词汇将此串集而成，然后一一叙述到位，较好地体现了表达的条理性，给人以层次清楚、叙述透彻的感觉。
2. I consider this a good practice, which will keep us aware that safety should always come first in our daily life, whether we stay at school or outside it. When we doing sports, we should attach importance to the safety and avoid being hurt. Furthermore, when we get into trouble with our classmates, we should remain calm and avoid any form of fighting, which may only bring suffering and pain to us mentally and physically.
该段落主要论述了创建平安校园时应注意的一些事宜。作者首先对此加以肯定，并指出这是至关重要的大事，每个学生都应意识到。在随后的论述中通过两个when引导的状语从句以及Furthermore的结构来阐述，摆事实、讲道理，步步推进，既较好地体现了叙述的条理性，又呈现出结构的排比性，实乃高手之作。如果学生在写作中能融会贯通，借鉴此种形式，定会使人印象深刻。
三、形成有效的连贯性
在实际写作中许多学生往往忽视过渡性词语的使用，因此常常出现句与句、段与段之间的断裂现象，使人读之感觉句子不连贯，结构不严谨，缺乏衔接美。而一篇好的文章应在适当的地方应使用逻辑性合理的衔接词汇，使文章结构紧凑、自然流畅。形成“上下贯通、一气呵成”的佳作。借鉴下面两段表达，可一目了然。
1. Traffic accidents happen frequently and people suffer great from them. They cause many injuries and deaths every day. The main reasons lie in the following aspects. First, the number of vehicles is increasing so fast that the roads are becoming more and more crowded. Second, there are still many people who don’t obey the traffic rules while traveling on the road. Besides, such actions as drinkdriving, overloading and speeding can also contribute to serious accidents.
该段落主要论述了交通事故带来的恶果以及产生的原因。文章用First, Second,和Besides等词汇逐条地分析了引起交通事故的不同形式，利用这些过渡性的词汇能有效地将句与句之间形成衔接与连贯，使整个段落读上去浑然一体，从而显得层次清楚，叙述到位。
2. Believe it or not, proper nervousness benefits. As in sports events it can make athletes more active. It can also sharpen our minds, thus allowing us to perform well in exams.
However, too much nervousness will result in sleepless, harming our health. What’s worse, it leaves our mind blank. As a consequence, the number of mistakes increase in exams, and we may even fail to write some answers.
该段落叙述了紧张的利与弊的不同结果。第一小节阐述了适当的紧张的益处，如：make athletes more active, sharpen our minds, perform well in exams。而在随后也提及到其不利因素，用However作为话语的转折，使段落之间得到衔接；用What’s worse既加强了语气的功能作用，又将几个并列的成分作了巧妙的衔接，实为亮点之一。而最后句中的As a consequence更是绝妙之处，把由于过度紧张造成的后果表达得恰到好处，充分表现了作者用词的高超性和技巧性。
四、学会收尾的技巧性
一篇好的书面表达其结尾往往是成败的关键之一。好的结尾内容充实、简短有力，会给阅卷教师留下深刻的印象，既起到画龙点睛的作用，又能令人信服，赞同作者的观点或意见，使人读后掩卷沉思。而纵观许多学生的结尾，却不尽人意，或是脱离主题，不着边际；或是轻描淡写，蜻蜓点水般地敷衍几句，缺乏一定的说服力，不免令人产生遗憾之感。参阅下面几段文章的结尾，也许对你会有一定的启发。
1. In my opinion, health is more important than wealth. Those who are rich but lose their health are no more happy and fortunate than those who are poor. If you want your wish to come true, health is the most important ingredient of your success.
该段落利用概括总结的形式得出结论。通过对前面文章涉及的问题进行讨论和分析，引出了文章所要表达的中心思想和论点：健康比财富更重要。一个人要想实现自己的理想，健康是成功的关键要素。这样的结尾给人以言之有理之感，通过结论形成共识。
2. There are other techniques that might help you with your study. Only a few have been mentioned here. You will probably discover many others after you have tried these. First, you can talk with your classmates about their study techniques. Second, you may share with them some of the techniques you have found to be helpful. Besides, you should form good study habits, which will be beneficial to your grades.
该段落采用提出建议式的形式作为结尾。根据文章所讨论的内容提出建设性的意见和具体解决问题的办法：建议去发现、探索适合自己的学习方法，并和同学们互相交流以提高自己的学习成绩。此类型结尾常用于阐述现象后对他人作出的指点和建议，学生可以借鉴于该段落中的First, you can ...；Second, you may ...；Besides, you should ...等不同情态动词的形式作一尝试。
通过上面几点的论述可以看出，在实际写作中如何根据具体的内容学会谋篇布局，是写好书面表达的前提。因此，在动笔之前应审视文章的体裁，并确定如何根据所给的内容去从上述方面构思，只有学会正确谋篇布局，才能使自己的习作在原有的基础上得到改进和提高。
（作者：黄海生，江苏省海安县教育局教研室）
一、突出文章的主题性
许多学生在实际写作中常常忽视文章的主题性，往往采用开门见山的形式去表达文章的内容要点，其结果所阐述的内容只能是无本之源。因此在实际写作时须注意文章的汉语提示，使用恰当的话语来点明文章的主题，从而引出所需要论述的内容，并在此基础上加以逐步的阐述。如：
1. Many students are now faced with problems like deciding whether to focus on science or arts. However, some parents force their children to make the choice at their will, not taking the children’s interests or preferences into account, which troubles many students.
该文主要论述高中学生面临文理分科时所出现的艰难抉择。部分家长则总是按照自己的愿望给孩子进行选择，而丝毫不顾及其子女的爱好和兴趣。这样的情况常常使得许多学生感到为难。利用此段落开头引出文章的主题，围绕一些家长的做法让学生结合自己的实际情况去展开论述，其脉络必然清晰。所以一篇佳作首先要主题突出，才能引人入胜。
2. Nowadays, there is an increasing tendency for parents to design the future for their children. Regardless of the children’s interests, some parents want them to attend all kinds of remedial classes, laying a heavy burden on their shoulders. As a result, the children almost have no time to play.
纵观当前学生苦学的原因不难看出，家长们望子成龙，望女成凤的思想根深蒂固。他们精心为子女设计美好的未来，却忽视了子女的爱好，使他们背负沉重的负担，其结果也许适得其反。基于这一点，文章用某些社会现象作为主题而提出，而且又与学生的实际情况吻合，在接下来的写作中学生必然有感而发。因此，要想写好一篇文章首先必须确定用什么话语来呈现主题内容，只有明确了主题，才能有效地在此基础上加以展开叙述，这也是好的习作成功的第一步。
二、注意表达的条理性
一篇好的文章在就某个具体的问题进行阐述时要注意其条理性。忽视这一点必然会导致所写的内容凌乱，从而给人以东拉西扯的感觉。这也是许多学生在实际写作中常犯的毛病之一。阅读下面的两个段落也许会从中领悟到其行文的流畅性。
1. There are many ways of getting information. On the one hand, we can read newspapers and magazines to obtain information. On the other hand, we can get information by listening to the radio or watching TV. Besides, we can even surf the internet to get some more important information.
该段落主要叙述了如何才能有效地获取信息。人们可以通过不同的三个途径来获得信息。阅读报纸、杂志，收听广播或看电视，通过网络等。在阐述这些内容时通过On the one hand，On the other hand以及Besides等相关的词汇将此串集而成，然后一一叙述到位，较好地体现了表达的条理性，给人以层次清楚、叙述透彻的感觉。
2. I consider this a good practice, which will keep us aware that safety should always come first in our daily life, whether we stay at school or outside it. When we doing sports, we should attach importance to the safety and avoid being hurt. Furthermore, when we get into trouble with our classmates, we should remain calm and avoid any form of fighting, which may only bring suffering and pain to us mentally and physically.
该段落主要论述了创建平安校园时应注意的一些事宜。作者首先对此加以肯定，并指出这是至关重要的大事，每个学生都应意识到。在随后的论述中通过两个when引导的状语从句以及Furthermore的结构来阐述，摆事实、讲道理，步步推进，既较好地体现了叙述的条理性，又呈现出结构的排比性，实乃高手之作。如果学生在写作中能融会贯通，借鉴此种形式，定会使人印象深刻。
三、形成有效的连贯性
在实际写作中许多学生往往忽视过渡性词语的使用，因此常常出现句与句、段与段之间的断裂现象，使人读之感觉句子不连贯，结构不严谨，缺乏衔接美。而一篇好的文章应在适当的地方应使用逻辑性合理的衔接词汇，使文章结构紧凑、自然流畅。形成“上下贯通、一气呵成”的佳作。借鉴下面两段表达，可一目了然。
1. Traffic accidents happen frequently and people suffer great from them. They cause many injuries and deaths every day. The main reasons lie in the following aspects. First, the number of vehicles is increasing so fast that the roads are becoming more and more crowded. Second, there are still many people who don’t obey the traffic rules while traveling on the road. Besides, such actions as drinkdriving, overloading and speeding can also contribute to serious accidents.
该段落主要论述了交通事故带来的恶果以及产生的原因。文章用First, Second,和Besides等词汇逐条地分析了引起交通事故的不同形式，利用这些过渡性的词汇能有效地将句与句之间形成衔接与连贯，使整个段落读上去浑然一体，从而显得层次清楚，叙述到位。
2. Believe it or not, proper nervousness benefits. As in sports events it can make athletes more active. It can also sharpen our minds, thus allowing us to perform well in exams.
However, too much nervousness will result in sleepless, harming our health. What’s worse, it leaves our mind blank. As a consequence, the number of mistakes increase in exams, and we may even fail to write some answers.
该段落叙述了紧张的利与弊的不同结果。第一小节阐述了适当的紧张的益处，如：make athletes more active, sharpen our minds, perform well in exams。而在随后也提及到其不利因素，用However作为话语的转折，使段落之间得到衔接；用What’s worse既加强了语气的功能作用，又将几个并列的成分作了巧妙的衔接，实为亮点之一。而最后句中的As a consequence更是绝妙之处，把由于过度紧张造成的后果表达得恰到好处，充分表现了作者用词的高超性和技巧性。
四、学会收尾的技巧性
一篇好的书面表达其结尾往往是成败的关键之一。好的结尾内容充实、简短有力，会给阅卷教师留下深刻的印象，既起到画龙点睛的作用，又能令人信服，赞同作者的观点或意见，使人读后掩卷沉思。而纵观许多学生的结尾，却不尽人意，或是脱离主题，不着边际；或是轻描淡写，蜻蜓点水般地敷衍几句，缺乏一定的说服力，不免令人产生遗憾之感。参阅下面几段文章的结尾，也许对你会有一定的启发。
1. In my opinion, health is more important than wealth. Those who are rich but lose their health are no more happy and fortunate than those who are poor. If you want your wish to come true, health is the most important ingredient of your success.
该段落利用概括总结的形式得出结论。通过对前面文章涉及的问题进行讨论和分析，引出了文章所要表达的中心思想和论点：健康比财富更重要。一个人要想实现自己的理想，健康是成功的关键要素。这样的结尾给人以言之有理之感，通过结论形成共识。
2. There are other techniques that might help you with your study. Only a few have been mentioned here. You will probably discover many others after you have tried these. First, you can talk with your classmates about their study techniques. Second, you may share with them some of the techniques you have found to be helpful. Besides, you should form good study habits, which will be beneficial to your grades.
该段落采用提出建议式的形式作为结尾。根据文章所讨论的内容提出建设性的意见和具体解决问题的办法：建议去发现、探索适合自己的学习方法，并和同学们互相交流以提高自己的学习成绩。此类型结尾常用于阐述现象后对他人作出的指点和建议，学生可以借鉴于该段落中的First, you can ...；Second, you may ...；Besides, you should ...等不同情态动词的形式作一尝试。
通过上面几点的论述可以看出，在实际写作中如何根据具体的内容学会谋篇布局，是写好书面表达的前提。因此，在动笔之前应审视文章的体裁，并确定如何根据所给的内容去从上述方面构思，只有学会正确谋篇布局，才能使自己的习作在原有的基础上得到改进和提高。
（作者：黄海生，江苏省海安县教育局教研室）