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本世纪四十年代出现的所谓“系统运动”理论,反映了现代科学管理、科学研究的思维方式和研究方法上的新特点。系统思想的核心是若干组成部分的相互形成完整的整体目标。它强调系统组成部分相互间的关系。系统与周围环境的关系,考虑系统的功能和目标。识别系统的等级层次以及任何特定系统在这个等级中的地位。任何一个系统都是较高一级系统的一个组成部分,同时,任何一个系统的组成部分本身通常又是较低一级的子系统。系统方法有三个显著的特点:1.整体性。把整体作为研究对象。从整
The so-called “system movement” theory that emerged in the 1940s reflects the new characteristics of modern scientific management, the way of thinking of scientific research, and research methods. At the heart of the system is the integral whole of several components that form one another. It emphasizes the relationship between the system components. System and the surrounding environment, consider the system's functions and goals. Identify the hierarchy of the system and the position of any particular system at this level. Any system is an integral part of a higher-level system, and at the same time, the components of any one system are themselves themselves, usually, lower-level subsystems. The system approach has three salient features: 1. Integrity. The whole as a research object. From the whole