对于众多能量转换材料来说,其量子效率往往都受限于一些带来能量损耗的不良过程。例如,上转换发光效应可以吸收两个或多个低能量光子而发射出较高能量光子,从而可为生物靶向成像、检测及治疗、激光器、太阳能电池、光催化等很多领域实现光频率转换。该频率转换效应依赖于从荧光上转换材料的吸光中心到发光中心的传能过程,而在传能过程 For many energy conversion materials, their quantum efficiency is often limited by some of the bad processes that cause energy loss. For example, upconversion luminescence can absorb two or more low-energy photons to emit higher-energy photons, enabling optical frequency conversion in many areas such as bio-targeted imaging, detection and therapy, lasers, solar cells, photocatalysis and the like . The frequency conversion effect depends on the energy transfer process from the light absorption center of the fluorescence upconversion material to the luminescence center,