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工业发达国家在采用了一系列水污染防治措施(如从局部治理过渡到区域治理;从单项治理发展为综合治理;等等)之后,都发现仅有水治理技术还解决不了水污染问题。还必须用法律、政策、规划、经济等多种手段加强水环境的管理工作。在管理体制上,很多国家在实行国家联邦级管理的基础上,逐渐建立起区域(行政区、流域或水系)的管理机构。他们尊重区域管理机构的自主权,较好地发挥了区域性和流域性管理机构的作用。使区域性和流域性管理成为控制水污染的一个重要环节。目前国际上水环境保护战略正在从水经济工程战略向水环境生态战略过渡。其主要标志是:美国的河系水质规划;日本的污染物总量控制;英国的水管局体制;苏联的国家水资源管理体系。
Industrialized countries have adopted a series of water pollution prevention and control measures (such as the transition from local governance to regional governance; from individual governance to comprehensive governance); and they found that water treatment alone can not solve the water pollution problem. It is also necessary to strengthen the management of the water environment by various means such as law, policy, planning and economy. In the management system, many countries have gradually established regulatory agencies in the region (administrative regions, river basins or water systems) based on the implementation of state-level management. They respect the autonomy of the regional regulatory agencies and give better play to the roles of regional and basin management agencies. Make regional and basin management an important part of controlling water pollution. At present, the international water environment protection strategy is moving from water economy engineering strategy to water environment ecology strategy transition. Its main signs are: the United States river water quality planning; Japan’s total pollutant control; the British Water Authority system; the Soviet Union’s national water resources management system.