近代中国市民社会问题是近年中外史学界关注的热点。所谓市民社会,不是广义的社会概念,而是与国家相对应的特定范畴,它指的是个人、团体按照非强制原则和契约观念进行自主活动,以实现物质利益和社会交往的、不受国家直接控制的民间独立自治组织和非官方亦非私人性质的公共领域,亦称 In recent years, the issue of civil society in China has drawn much attention from Chinese and foreign historians. The so-called civil society is not a broadly defined social concept but a specific category corresponding to the state. It refers to an individual or group that conducts autonomous activities according to non-compulsory principles and contractual concepts so as to realize material interests and social interaction, Directly controlled private independent organizations and unofficial non-private public areas, also known as