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1. 问题的提出
反馈话语是教师课堂话语的重要组成部分,是教师为改进和提高学生的学习而对其某一学习任务完成情况发回的话语信息。有效的反馈话语不仅是教师评估学生课堂表现的重要手段,也是加强和巩固目的语的主要途径。
然而,在日常的课堂教学观察中,许多教师却常常忽视课堂反馈话语的目的和功能,语言单调、形式单一、内容失衡和目标随意等现象充斥课堂,影响和制约了学生学习动机的激发,难以促进高效课堂的建设和发展。笔者结合一节教学案例(牛津译林版9A Unit 3 Comic strip and Welcome to the unit)对教师课堂教学中反馈话语的有效性进行了分析和反思。
2. 反馈话语有效性缺失与反思
2.1反馈语言单调,难以促进动机激发
【课例一】
T: A few students in Class 1, Grade 9 have some problems. Can you give them some advice? For example, Millie doesn’t get enough sleep and she feels tired in class.
S1: She can do her homework quickly and go to bed early.
T: OK. Next?
S2: She can have a short sleep during the break.
T: Good ...
【反思】在课例一中,学生在教师的开放性问题Can you give them some advice?引导下展了积极思考,激活了已有的生活经验,提出了许多真实的,富有建设性的问题解决方案。然而,教师却仅通过OK,Good等枯燥的语言给以简单,甚至应付性的确认或评价,使反馈流于形式。这不利于学生建立和保持英语学习的兴趣和信心。
【对策】针对这一问题,教师可以对学生反应中的建议方案进行追问,以进一步展开协商,明确解决方案的正确性和可行性。如:S2提出She can have a short sleep during the break.的建议后,教师即可追问:Do you think it’s a good way? Do you have any better and useful way? 从而引导学生提出更多有意义的,可行的、正面的建议。也可待四位学生回答结束后,再就所有的建议进行追问:Which of these suggestions / pieces of advice are better, do you think? 从而寻求更深层次的思维兴奋点,激发学生进一步的探究动机,触发更多有价值的语言输出。
2.2反馈形式单一,难以促进协商互动
【课例二】
T: We have known some students’ problems and some of us can give some advice. But what about yourself? Have you got any problems? What is it? Do you have any good ways to solve it?
S: I’m short, and some classmates ...
T: Do you have any good ways to solve it?
S: Sometimes I tell them don’t to do so.
T: OK, thank you. Sit down, please. I think you can ask your teacher or your parents for some help. If necessary, I may help you, too.
【反思】在课例二中,教师不自觉地将反馈逐渐变成了教师和学生个体间的自由交谈。首先从交流的主体(T—S)上看,个体学生仅盯着教师做汇报,教师自始至终只是在关注学生个体,忽略了整体的存在;其次,教师的反馈完全通过语言进行,打断学生的汇报直至最后完全剥夺学生的话语权,包办代替学生提出解决方案I think you can ask your teacher or your parents for some help. If necessary, I may help you, too.这种反馈方式不仅增加了学生的焦虑感,而且抑制了其话语思维的连贯性和有效输出。
【对策】课例二中教师完全可以通过延时性纠错以保持学生意义输出的连贯性和完整性;也可通过布置相应的任务来实现生生间的互动纠错。如:教师布置任务:Would you like to talk about your problems? Others listen carefully and try to get it. Then I hope you can give him or her some advice.汇报结束后,教师重复问题:What’s the problem? Any advice? 通过其他学生的问题再现实现了生生间,师生间的隐性互动纠错,有利于课堂活动的顺利开展。
3. 结语
有效的反馈话语是英语课堂教学有效性的重要体现。它既要求教师要有正确的教育教学理念,还需要教师具有良好的口语表达能力、扎实的教学经验积淀和敏锐的教学机智等。只要我们不断丰富反馈话语,多样化反馈形式和均衡反馈内容,我们的反馈话语就会更具实效性,我们的教学也就更加精彩有效。
(作者单位:江西南昌大学附属中学)
反馈话语是教师课堂话语的重要组成部分,是教师为改进和提高学生的学习而对其某一学习任务完成情况发回的话语信息。有效的反馈话语不仅是教师评估学生课堂表现的重要手段,也是加强和巩固目的语的主要途径。
然而,在日常的课堂教学观察中,许多教师却常常忽视课堂反馈话语的目的和功能,语言单调、形式单一、内容失衡和目标随意等现象充斥课堂,影响和制约了学生学习动机的激发,难以促进高效课堂的建设和发展。笔者结合一节教学案例(牛津译林版9A Unit 3 Comic strip and Welcome to the unit)对教师课堂教学中反馈话语的有效性进行了分析和反思。
2. 反馈话语有效性缺失与反思
2.1反馈语言单调,难以促进动机激发
【课例一】
T: A few students in Class 1, Grade 9 have some problems. Can you give them some advice? For example, Millie doesn’t get enough sleep and she feels tired in class.
S1: She can do her homework quickly and go to bed early.
T: OK. Next?
S2: She can have a short sleep during the break.
T: Good ...
【反思】在课例一中,学生在教师的开放性问题Can you give them some advice?引导下展了积极思考,激活了已有的生活经验,提出了许多真实的,富有建设性的问题解决方案。然而,教师却仅通过OK,Good等枯燥的语言给以简单,甚至应付性的确认或评价,使反馈流于形式。这不利于学生建立和保持英语学习的兴趣和信心。
【对策】针对这一问题,教师可以对学生反应中的建议方案进行追问,以进一步展开协商,明确解决方案的正确性和可行性。如:S2提出She can have a short sleep during the break.的建议后,教师即可追问:Do you think it’s a good way? Do you have any better and useful way? 从而引导学生提出更多有意义的,可行的、正面的建议。也可待四位学生回答结束后,再就所有的建议进行追问:Which of these suggestions / pieces of advice are better, do you think? 从而寻求更深层次的思维兴奋点,激发学生进一步的探究动机,触发更多有价值的语言输出。
2.2反馈形式单一,难以促进协商互动
【课例二】
T: We have known some students’ problems and some of us can give some advice. But what about yourself? Have you got any problems? What is it? Do you have any good ways to solve it?
S: I’m short, and some classmates ...
T: Do you have any good ways to solve it?
S: Sometimes I tell them don’t to do so.
T: OK, thank you. Sit down, please. I think you can ask your teacher or your parents for some help. If necessary, I may help you, too.
【反思】在课例二中,教师不自觉地将反馈逐渐变成了教师和学生个体间的自由交谈。首先从交流的主体(T—S)上看,个体学生仅盯着教师做汇报,教师自始至终只是在关注学生个体,忽略了整体的存在;其次,教师的反馈完全通过语言进行,打断学生的汇报直至最后完全剥夺学生的话语权,包办代替学生提出解决方案I think you can ask your teacher or your parents for some help. If necessary, I may help you, too.这种反馈方式不仅增加了学生的焦虑感,而且抑制了其话语思维的连贯性和有效输出。
【对策】课例二中教师完全可以通过延时性纠错以保持学生意义输出的连贯性和完整性;也可通过布置相应的任务来实现生生间的互动纠错。如:教师布置任务:Would you like to talk about your problems? Others listen carefully and try to get it. Then I hope you can give him or her some advice.汇报结束后,教师重复问题:What’s the problem? Any advice? 通过其他学生的问题再现实现了生生间,师生间的隐性互动纠错,有利于课堂活动的顺利开展。
3. 结语
有效的反馈话语是英语课堂教学有效性的重要体现。它既要求教师要有正确的教育教学理念,还需要教师具有良好的口语表达能力、扎实的教学经验积淀和敏锐的教学机智等。只要我们不断丰富反馈话语,多样化反馈形式和均衡反馈内容,我们的反馈话语就会更具实效性,我们的教学也就更加精彩有效。
(作者单位:江西南昌大学附属中学)