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一、单词
1. cure (P.34, Unit 3)
【点拨】
1) cure n. 治疗,疗法;治疗;痊愈;疗法
This medicine is used as a cure for cough.
2) cure vt. 治愈
She tried every means to cure her child of the bad habit.
【拓展】 cure与treat区别:
用作动词,两者都可表示“治疗”,但含义有区别:cure通常强调结果,指治愈某种疾病或某人的疾病;而treat则通常强调过程,指对病人进行诊断和治疗,但不含治好的意思,例如:This medicine will cure your cough. The dentist is treating my teeth.
其实cure和treat所搭配的介词也不同,例如:The doctors cured her of cancer.
Which doctor is treating you for your illness?
2. conclude (P.41, Unit 3)
【点拨】
1) 表示“结束”,可用作及物或不及物动词,表示以某种方式结束通常与介词 with, by 等连用。例如:He concluded by giving us some advice.
2) 表示“断定”或“推出”,是及物动词,但通常只接 that 从句或不定式的复合结构(且不定式只能是 to be 型)作宾语,通常不接简单宾语,也不用于进行时态。例如:
我们断定是他错了。正:We concluded that he was wrong. / We concluded him to be wrong.
我断定他一定是出事了。正:I concluded that he must have met with an accident.
误:I concluded him to have met with an accident.
3) 表示“决定”,其后通常接不定式或 that 从句。例如:
We concluded to wait for fair weather. /We concluded that we would wait for fair weather.
4)期刊杂志等在连载文章时,表示“待续”用 to be continued, 表示“下期续完”用 to be concluded, 表示“全部载完”则通常用 concluded。
【拓展】
conclude的名词是conclusion,其短语有:
arrive at a conclusion 得出结论;come to a conclusion 得出结论;draw a conclusion 得出结论;
in conclusion 在结束时;jump to (the) conclusion(s) 轻率得出结论;rush to a conclusion 匆匆下结论
3. additional (P.41, Unit 3)
【点拨】 additional adj. 另外的, 附加的,额外的We needed additional money for our trip.
【拓展】
1) additional的名词addition加;附加。The addition of fruit makes the cereal taste good.
2) additional的动词add所构成的短语:
① add to 增加,加强
This lesson adds to the value of the book.
② add up to 总计达,总共是;等于;意味着,看来实际是……;总体来说
All this adds up to a new concept of the universe.
③ add up 加起来,总计
At the exits polite assistants will take the goods and add up the cost.
4. promote (P.43, Unit 3)
【点拨】
promote vt. 提升,提拔
He certainly ought to be promoted.
Pupils who pass the test will be promoted to the next higher grade.
【拓展】 promote的形容词:promotable 名词:promotability;动词过去式:promoted;过去分词:promoted;现在分词:promoting
The young army officer was promoted to the rank of captain.
5. involve (P.50, Unit 4)
【点拨】
1) 及物动词:使卷入,连累;牵涉;需要,包含,意味着
Dont involve me in your quarrel! His work involves occasional journeys.
2) 使专注,使忙于 (后面常跟介词in连用)
He was involved in writing his doctoral dissertation.
【拓展】 involve的名词是:involvement 牵连,参与;加入;财政困难;牵连的事务,复杂的情况 The government is trying to play down their involvement in the affair.
6. assess (P.50 Unit 4)
【点拨】 及物动词 vt.
1) (为征税) 估定 (财产)的价值 (后面常接介词at)
The value of this property was assessed at one million dollars.
2) 确定 (税、罚款、赔偿金等) 的金额
The damage was assessed at £5 billion.
3) 对……进行估价,评价
It is too early to assess the effects of the new legislation.
【拓展】 assess的名词assessment
Assessment is changing for many reasons.
7. considerate (P.59, Unit 4)
【点拨】 adj. 体贴的,体谅的;深思熟虑;慎重
Thats very considerate of you. He was considerate of everybody.
【拓展1】 considerable, considerate的区别和用法:
considerable, considerate这是一对形近易混的形容词。
considerable相当大的,相当多的;值得考虑的
That family owns a considerable amount of land.
considerate考虑周到的,体贴的,后面常跟of结构。
He is always considerate of others; he is kind and sympathetic.
【拓展2】 consider
consider作动词时主要有以下四种用法:
1) 作“思考”、“考虑”(=think about) 解,后面可接动名词、由“how, what等 + 动词不定式”或者从句作宾语。但要特别注意:consider后面不能直接跟动词不定式作宾语。例如:
We are considering going to Hainan for the Spring Festival.
He has never considered how to solve the problem.
2) consider 还可作“顾虑到”、“顾及”、“体谅” (=take into account)解。这时其后用名词或动名词作宾语。例如:
All of you should consider the feelings of other people.
3) 作“认为”、“以为”、“觉得”(=be of the opinion, regard as)解时,后面多接宾语从句,这时一般不接动名词作宾语。例如:
I consider that he is fit for the position of the manager.
consider作“认为”解时,后面还可以接一个宾语和一个动词不定式作宾语补足语,构成复合宾语结构,但这种结构的动词不定式主要是“to be+名词/形容词”;有时也可以是其他不定式,不过这种不定式多用完成时。例如:
They consider Jim (to be) the cleverest boy in their class.
I consider her to have done wonderfully in the final exam.
注:consider作“认为”解时,后面偶尔也出现接不定式作宾语的情况,不过这时大都用形式宾语it,而将真正的宾语后移。例如:
Do you consider it wise to interfere? 你觉得干预是明智的吗?
4) 固定结构“consider... as/ to be+名词/形容词”多侧重于表示经过思考“认为……是……”。例如:
We consider his suggestion as having possibilities.
【拓展3】 considering当介词和连词用,表示“就……而论,照……说来,鉴于;考虑到”
Considering hes only been learning English a year, he speaks it very well.
8. import (P.63 Unit 4)
【点拨】
1) 及物动词:进口,输入;引进;含有……意思,意味着
We import a lot of cars from Germany.
2) 名词:
① 进口,输入The import of cotton goods went up sharply in 2012.
② 进口商品Electronic products are the major import from America.
③ 意义,含义The import of his remarks was that we should work harder.
④ 重要性,重大This is a question of great import.
【拓展】
import的反义词:export 出口,输出;传播,输出(思想或活动)
Would you tell me the main items you export? 二、短语
1. burst 短语 (P.34, Unit3)
【点拨】
1) be bursting to do sth. 急于要做某事。He was bursting to tell her the news.
2) burst forth 突然出现,突然爆发出,突然喊出。A broad smile burst forth on his face.
3) burst into
① 突然闯入Dont burst into my bedroom without knocking.
② 突然……起来She burst into tears (laughter, song).
注:这样用的 burst into 后通常接具有动作意义的名词。
4) burst out
① 大声叫喊 “I dont believe it”,he burst out.
注:这样用的 burst out 与 burst forth 同义。
② 突然……起来She burst out crying (laughing, singing)
注:这样用的 burst out 后通常接动名词。
2. die短语归纳 (P.34, Unit 3)
【点拨】
1) die from 死于……,因……而死
He died from a heart attack.
2) die of 死于……,因……而死
The animals died of starvation in the snow.
【拓展】
关于 die from 与 die of 的区别:若死因存在于人体之上或之内,一般用介词 of;若死因不是存在于人体之内或之上,而是由环境造成的,则一般用介词 from。
3) be dying for sth. (to do sth.) 迫切想要(做)某事
She is dying to know where he has gone.
4) die away (声音、风、光线等) 渐息,渐弱
The sound of the car died away in the distance.
5) die down (慢慢) 熄灭,平静下来
His anger has died down a bit.
6) die off 一个一个地死去 (=die one by one)
As he grew older, his relatives all died off.
7) die out (家族、种族、习俗、观念等)灭绝,绝迹。Many old customs are dying out.
3. devote短语归纳 (P.35, Unit 3)
【点拨】
1) devote sth. to (doing) sth. 把时间 (钱,精力等)献给某事物
They devoted a great deal of money to the improvement of the railway station.
2) devote oneself to sb. (doing sth.)
① 献身于或致力于(做)某事After he graduated he continued to devote himself to research.
② 专用于The newspaper devotes two pages to comics.
③ 喜欢,热爱She devoted herself to tennis in her teens.
3) be devoted to sb. (doing sth.)
① 致力于,献身于The students are devoted to their studies.
② 专用于This dictionary is devoted to explaining word usage.
③ 喜欢,疼爱The couple were devoted to each other.
4. the key to sth. or doing sth. 短语归纳 (P.51, Unit 4)
the key to the door 门钥匙; the answer to the question 问题的答案
a secretary to the managing director 总经理的秘书;the words to a tune 一致的言语
the entrance to the park 通向公园的入口;the way to my home通向我家的路
the only access to that building 到那栋楼的唯一通路
5. break短语归纳(P.62,Unit 4)
【点拨】
1) break away (from)
① 突然逃掉或离开The thief broke away from the policeman.
② 断绝往来,脱离He broke away from all his old friends.
③ 改掉(旧习惯),破除 (旧作法)You must break away from such habits.
2) break down
① (机器、车辆等)坏了The car broke down after an hours driving.
② (计划、谈判等)失败Our plans have broken down. ③ (谈话、通讯等)中断He broke down as he was singing.
④ (健康、精神等)变坏Her health broke down under the pressure of work.
3) break in
① 突然进来,强行进入He broke in and stole my money.
② 插嘴,打岔Please dont break in on our conversation.
【拓展1】
以上用法的 break in 通常是不及物的,但有时也用作及物动词,带宾语,表示:训练某人(物),使某人(物)适应。
He is breaking in the new man as a machine operator.
4) break into
① 强行进入The thieves planned to break into a bank.
② 突然……起来The man broke into a run when he saw the police.
③ 打断,插嘴He broke into the discussion with a shout of warning.
④ 占用时间Social activities break into my time.
【拓展2】
break into 与 break in 有时可表示相同的意思,但前者通常为及物的,后者通常为不及物的。
5) break off
① 停止讲话He broke off in the middle of a sentence.
② 暂停,休息Lets break off for a rest.
③ (使)折断The mast has (been) broken off.
6) break out (火灾、战争等) 突然发生或爆发Influenza usually breaks out in winter.
【拓展3】
break out是不及物动词,所以不能带宾语,也不能用于被动语态。
7) break through
① 突破,有重要创见Scientists say theyre beginning to break through in the fight against cancer.
② 克服,征服You must try to break through your shyness.
③ 强行穿过 (进入) The enemys defences were strong but our soldiers broke through.
【拓展4】
break through有时指太阳、月亮等从云层里出来。The sun broke through at last in the afternoon.
8) break up
① 解散,驱散The police broke up the crowd (the meeting).
② (学校等)放假When do you break up for Christmas?
③ 结束,破裂The weather shows signs of breaking up.
④ 击碎,撞碎The ship broke up on the rocks.
⑤ 绝交Shes just broken up with her boyfriend.
6. belong to
【点拨】
表示“属于”The house belongs to my grandfather.
【拓展1】
belong to可引申指“是……的成员”。Do you belong to the tennis club?
【拓展2】
belong to 没有进行时态,也没有被动语态。如:
误:The house is belonging to my grandfather.
7. put into effect (P.62, Unit 4)
【点拨】
实行 (实现,实施) The new system will soon be put into effect.
【拓展1】
put into effect 的近义词组:put into practice实行,实现
It is time to put into practice the things you have learned.
【拓展2】 put短语归纳:
put aside 存钱;put away 放好,收起来;存钱;put an end to 结束;put back 把 (钟) 拨慢;推迟;阻碍;put down 扑灭,平息,镇压;放下;put forward 提出;put into 插入;译成;put off 延期,拖延;put on 上演;穿戴;put on weight 长胖;put out 熄灭,扑灭;伸出,拿出;put sb. to bed 打发某人睡觉;put sb. to the trouble of 麻烦某人做;put up 挂起,张贴;举起,抬起;建造,搭起;为某人提供膳宿;put up with 忍受,容忍;put ones heart into 用心去做
三、语法
1. The development of a text (Unit 3)
A构成段落的三大组成部分
段落是篇章构成的基本单位之一,段落结构组织得是否合理在很大程度上会影响篇章的整体结构及效果。典型的英语段落包括一个主题句 (topic sentence),若干扩展句 (supporting sentences),必要时还有一个结论句 (concluding sentence)。主题句表达的是段落的中心思想,是段落展开的核心,是为整篇文章的中心服务的;而扩展句则具体地描述、说明、阐述或论证主题句体现的中心思想。结论句往往是用来强调、重申主题或归纳、总结段落大意。 1) 主题句
主题句对于段落的重要性是毋庸质疑的,因此,主题句的优劣将直接关系到该段落的写作质量。好的主题句不仅能够起到限定段落基调的作用,而且起到限定主题范围的作用。主题句明确地限定了段落内容,这样,习作者在搜集、筛选与主题相关的事实、例证、节时才能够较容易地把握住方向。而且,主题突出的主题句也能使读者一目了然,有利于读者预测下文内容。倘若段落的主题句过于笼统或模糊,就无法成为整个段落发展的指南针,就难以合理组织相关材料来进一步陈述、说服或阐述主题,甚至使整个段落乃至整篇文章结构松散、逻辑不清。
2) 扩展句
尽管主题句十分重要,但它不能没有扩展句的支持。扩展句就是对主题句所陈述的思想观点加以展开分类,提出各种细节或例证以阐述或证明主题的各个方面。扩展句就像是段落的血肉,“有血有肉”的段落才能感染读者、说服读者,才能达到写作的根本目的。在主题句确定后,习作者就要开始选择和主题有关的信息和素材。实质上,针对主题测试每一个所选择素材就是一个分类过程。有一种常用方法就是句子展开前加以设问,然后解答,即设问——解答(why—because)方法。
3) 结论句
有时,为了求得段落结构的整体性,习作者喜欢利用段落的最后一句简要地归纳段落大意,或重申段落主题,做到前后呼应。写结论句时,要特别注意以下三点:(1)不要突然冒出与该段主题不相关甚至相互矛盾的新话题;(2)不要过于冗长;(3)语气不能太武断,应该委婉些。
B段落的两大要素
一个好的段落除了具有上述结构上的三大组成部分之外,还应该中心突出,结构完整,条理清晰,表达连贯,即段落应具有一致性和连贯性两个要素:
第一,思想上保持一致性 (unity)。一致性指段落中的所有句子都紧扣一个中心,没有任何偏离主题的题外话。主题句的确定与辅助细节的筛选已基本能保证段落的一致性。在一个段落中只能讨论一个主要内容,这个主要内容是由主题句概括叙述,然后通过各个支持句逐一阐述。主题句通常置于段落之首,这符合英语的语篇思维特征,先采用主题句开门见山地摆出问题,随之辅以细说。主体句确立后,还要注意说明、解释主题句的内容是否与主题相符。总之,一个段落只能有一个中心 (controlling idea),段落中所有内容都必须围绕这一中心展开。
第二,内容上连贯性 (coherence)。连贯性是指为了使段落便于阅读和理解,扩展句应该按某种逻辑顺序排列;同时,各部分内容应该用适当的过渡词或短语连接起来。连贯性要求段落中句子的排列自然合理,而且句子之间的衔接要合理自然。因此,确定了支持主题句的细节之后,应该认真考虑辅助句的顺序。为了保证各个辅助句之间的连贯,习作者必须十分熟悉英文中的关联词及其作用,掌握衔接的技巧。
2. Language styles (Unit4)—语言风格
大家都知道:中国的国画和外国的油画的风格不同,中国古代建筑和外国古代建筑的风格不同,同样道理,汉语的语言风格和英语的语言风格也很不一样。比如:
英语用词简朴而英语是写实语言;英语句子偏长而汉语句子偏短;英语语法偏详细工整而汉语语法偏省略;英语里虚词多而汉语里虚词少;英语里尽量用“借用词”表达新概念而汉语里则尽量用“组合词”表达新概念;英语里尽量用系动词加介词等静态词表达而汉语里偏向于用动态行为动词表达;英语里尽量用疑问句表达客气的请求而汉语里多用陈述句前面加“请”字表达客气的请求等等。不了解英语的这些语言风格特征,我们就不知道英语是什么样,就算认识很多英语单词,也不知道怎样用这些单词来构造地道正确的英语句子,就会“用英语的砖头来盖汉语的房子”,用英语单词说汉语,并且在使用英语时会出很多笑话。
就礼貌客气而言,不同的语言有不同的表达习惯,要想做到客气而又不使人误解,光语气和气还不够,还要了解对方的语言习惯。比如英语多用“疑问句”的方式表示客气,而汉语多用陈述句前加“请”字表示客气,比如汉语说“请喝茶”,英语则说成“Would you like a cup of tea?”如果用陈述句对外国人说“Please have a cup of tea.”就是在命令他喝茶,不喝不行。外国人到中国人家做客时,中国人总是用汉语的方式说“请坐、请喝水、请吃饭、请再吃个水果、请再坐一会儿……”等等,美国人曾不解地问我:“我到中国人家去做客的时候,为什么中国人总是命令我做这做那,搞得我好不自在?”我反问道:“那你们美国人怎么对待客人?”他说:“我们美国人会说,请随便,就像在自己家一样,想吃什么就拿什么。”我又问:“那客人真的会想吃什么就拿什么吗?”他说:“是的,客人会自己打开冰箱拿饮料喝。”我说:“在中国正好反过来,如果你让他把这儿当自己的家,想吃什么自己拿,他肯定什么都不拿,若你真心想让客人吃,就要不断地劝他吃才行。”他回答说:“在美国这叫侵犯人身自由。”因此了解语言风格十分重要,否则我们热情了半天,反而可能被误解,出现尴尬还蒙在鼓里不知道是怎么回事。
(作者:康传桂,海安县李堡中学)
1. cure (P.34, Unit 3)
【点拨】
1) cure n. 治疗,疗法;治疗;痊愈;疗法
This medicine is used as a cure for cough.
2) cure vt. 治愈
She tried every means to cure her child of the bad habit.
【拓展】 cure与treat区别:
用作动词,两者都可表示“治疗”,但含义有区别:cure通常强调结果,指治愈某种疾病或某人的疾病;而treat则通常强调过程,指对病人进行诊断和治疗,但不含治好的意思,例如:This medicine will cure your cough. The dentist is treating my teeth.
其实cure和treat所搭配的介词也不同,例如:The doctors cured her of cancer.
Which doctor is treating you for your illness?
2. conclude (P.41, Unit 3)
【点拨】
1) 表示“结束”,可用作及物或不及物动词,表示以某种方式结束通常与介词 with, by 等连用。例如:He concluded by giving us some advice.
2) 表示“断定”或“推出”,是及物动词,但通常只接 that 从句或不定式的复合结构(且不定式只能是 to be 型)作宾语,通常不接简单宾语,也不用于进行时态。例如:
我们断定是他错了。正:We concluded that he was wrong. / We concluded him to be wrong.
我断定他一定是出事了。正:I concluded that he must have met with an accident.
误:I concluded him to have met with an accident.
3) 表示“决定”,其后通常接不定式或 that 从句。例如:
We concluded to wait for fair weather. /We concluded that we would wait for fair weather.
4)期刊杂志等在连载文章时,表示“待续”用 to be continued, 表示“下期续完”用 to be concluded, 表示“全部载完”则通常用 concluded。
【拓展】
conclude的名词是conclusion,其短语有:
arrive at a conclusion 得出结论;come to a conclusion 得出结论;draw a conclusion 得出结论;
in conclusion 在结束时;jump to (the) conclusion(s) 轻率得出结论;rush to a conclusion 匆匆下结论
3. additional (P.41, Unit 3)
【点拨】 additional adj. 另外的, 附加的,额外的We needed additional money for our trip.
【拓展】
1) additional的名词addition加;附加。The addition of fruit makes the cereal taste good.
2) additional的动词add所构成的短语:
① add to 增加,加强
This lesson adds to the value of the book.
② add up to 总计达,总共是;等于;意味着,看来实际是……;总体来说
All this adds up to a new concept of the universe.
③ add up 加起来,总计
At the exits polite assistants will take the goods and add up the cost.
4. promote (P.43, Unit 3)
【点拨】
promote vt. 提升,提拔
He certainly ought to be promoted.
Pupils who pass the test will be promoted to the next higher grade.
【拓展】 promote的形容词:promotable 名词:promotability;动词过去式:promoted;过去分词:promoted;现在分词:promoting
The young army officer was promoted to the rank of captain.
5. involve (P.50, Unit 4)
【点拨】
1) 及物动词:使卷入,连累;牵涉;需要,包含,意味着
Dont involve me in your quarrel! His work involves occasional journeys.
2) 使专注,使忙于 (后面常跟介词in连用)
He was involved in writing his doctoral dissertation.
【拓展】 involve的名词是:involvement 牵连,参与;加入;财政困难;牵连的事务,复杂的情况 The government is trying to play down their involvement in the affair.
6. assess (P.50 Unit 4)
【点拨】 及物动词 vt.
1) (为征税) 估定 (财产)的价值 (后面常接介词at)
The value of this property was assessed at one million dollars.
2) 确定 (税、罚款、赔偿金等) 的金额
The damage was assessed at £5 billion.
3) 对……进行估价,评价
It is too early to assess the effects of the new legislation.
【拓展】 assess的名词assessment
Assessment is changing for many reasons.
7. considerate (P.59, Unit 4)
【点拨】 adj. 体贴的,体谅的;深思熟虑;慎重
Thats very considerate of you. He was considerate of everybody.
【拓展1】 considerable, considerate的区别和用法:
considerable, considerate这是一对形近易混的形容词。
considerable相当大的,相当多的;值得考虑的
That family owns a considerable amount of land.
considerate考虑周到的,体贴的,后面常跟of结构。
He is always considerate of others; he is kind and sympathetic.
【拓展2】 consider
consider作动词时主要有以下四种用法:
1) 作“思考”、“考虑”(=think about) 解,后面可接动名词、由“how, what等 + 动词不定式”或者从句作宾语。但要特别注意:consider后面不能直接跟动词不定式作宾语。例如:
We are considering going to Hainan for the Spring Festival.
He has never considered how to solve the problem.
2) consider 还可作“顾虑到”、“顾及”、“体谅” (=take into account)解。这时其后用名词或动名词作宾语。例如:
All of you should consider the feelings of other people.
3) 作“认为”、“以为”、“觉得”(=be of the opinion, regard as)解时,后面多接宾语从句,这时一般不接动名词作宾语。例如:
I consider that he is fit for the position of the manager.
consider作“认为”解时,后面还可以接一个宾语和一个动词不定式作宾语补足语,构成复合宾语结构,但这种结构的动词不定式主要是“to be+名词/形容词”;有时也可以是其他不定式,不过这种不定式多用完成时。例如:
They consider Jim (to be) the cleverest boy in their class.
I consider her to have done wonderfully in the final exam.
注:consider作“认为”解时,后面偶尔也出现接不定式作宾语的情况,不过这时大都用形式宾语it,而将真正的宾语后移。例如:
Do you consider it wise to interfere? 你觉得干预是明智的吗?
4) 固定结构“consider... as/ to be+名词/形容词”多侧重于表示经过思考“认为……是……”。例如:
We consider his suggestion as having possibilities.
【拓展3】 considering当介词和连词用,表示“就……而论,照……说来,鉴于;考虑到”
Considering hes only been learning English a year, he speaks it very well.
8. import (P.63 Unit 4)
【点拨】
1) 及物动词:进口,输入;引进;含有……意思,意味着
We import a lot of cars from Germany.
2) 名词:
① 进口,输入The import of cotton goods went up sharply in 2012.
② 进口商品Electronic products are the major import from America.
③ 意义,含义The import of his remarks was that we should work harder.
④ 重要性,重大This is a question of great import.
【拓展】
import的反义词:export 出口,输出;传播,输出(思想或活动)
Would you tell me the main items you export? 二、短语
1. burst 短语 (P.34, Unit3)
【点拨】
1) be bursting to do sth. 急于要做某事。He was bursting to tell her the news.
2) burst forth 突然出现,突然爆发出,突然喊出。A broad smile burst forth on his face.
3) burst into
① 突然闯入Dont burst into my bedroom without knocking.
② 突然……起来She burst into tears (laughter, song).
注:这样用的 burst into 后通常接具有动作意义的名词。
4) burst out
① 大声叫喊 “I dont believe it”,he burst out.
注:这样用的 burst out 与 burst forth 同义。
② 突然……起来She burst out crying (laughing, singing)
注:这样用的 burst out 后通常接动名词。
2. die短语归纳 (P.34, Unit 3)
【点拨】
1) die from 死于……,因……而死
He died from a heart attack.
2) die of 死于……,因……而死
The animals died of starvation in the snow.
【拓展】
关于 die from 与 die of 的区别:若死因存在于人体之上或之内,一般用介词 of;若死因不是存在于人体之内或之上,而是由环境造成的,则一般用介词 from。
3) be dying for sth. (to do sth.) 迫切想要(做)某事
She is dying to know where he has gone.
4) die away (声音、风、光线等) 渐息,渐弱
The sound of the car died away in the distance.
5) die down (慢慢) 熄灭,平静下来
His anger has died down a bit.
6) die off 一个一个地死去 (=die one by one)
As he grew older, his relatives all died off.
7) die out (家族、种族、习俗、观念等)灭绝,绝迹。Many old customs are dying out.
3. devote短语归纳 (P.35, Unit 3)
【点拨】
1) devote sth. to (doing) sth. 把时间 (钱,精力等)献给某事物
They devoted a great deal of money to the improvement of the railway station.
2) devote oneself to sb. (doing sth.)
① 献身于或致力于(做)某事After he graduated he continued to devote himself to research.
② 专用于The newspaper devotes two pages to comics.
③ 喜欢,热爱She devoted herself to tennis in her teens.
3) be devoted to sb. (doing sth.)
① 致力于,献身于The students are devoted to their studies.
② 专用于This dictionary is devoted to explaining word usage.
③ 喜欢,疼爱The couple were devoted to each other.
4. the key to sth. or doing sth. 短语归纳 (P.51, Unit 4)
the key to the door 门钥匙; the answer to the question 问题的答案
a secretary to the managing director 总经理的秘书;the words to a tune 一致的言语
the entrance to the park 通向公园的入口;the way to my home通向我家的路
the only access to that building 到那栋楼的唯一通路
5. break短语归纳(P.62,Unit 4)
【点拨】
1) break away (from)
① 突然逃掉或离开The thief broke away from the policeman.
② 断绝往来,脱离He broke away from all his old friends.
③ 改掉(旧习惯),破除 (旧作法)You must break away from such habits.
2) break down
① (机器、车辆等)坏了The car broke down after an hours driving.
② (计划、谈判等)失败Our plans have broken down. ③ (谈话、通讯等)中断He broke down as he was singing.
④ (健康、精神等)变坏Her health broke down under the pressure of work.
3) break in
① 突然进来,强行进入He broke in and stole my money.
② 插嘴,打岔Please dont break in on our conversation.
【拓展1】
以上用法的 break in 通常是不及物的,但有时也用作及物动词,带宾语,表示:训练某人(物),使某人(物)适应。
He is breaking in the new man as a machine operator.
4) break into
① 强行进入The thieves planned to break into a bank.
② 突然……起来The man broke into a run when he saw the police.
③ 打断,插嘴He broke into the discussion with a shout of warning.
④ 占用时间Social activities break into my time.
【拓展2】
break into 与 break in 有时可表示相同的意思,但前者通常为及物的,后者通常为不及物的。
5) break off
① 停止讲话He broke off in the middle of a sentence.
② 暂停,休息Lets break off for a rest.
③ (使)折断The mast has (been) broken off.
6) break out (火灾、战争等) 突然发生或爆发Influenza usually breaks out in winter.
【拓展3】
break out是不及物动词,所以不能带宾语,也不能用于被动语态。
7) break through
① 突破,有重要创见Scientists say theyre beginning to break through in the fight against cancer.
② 克服,征服You must try to break through your shyness.
③ 强行穿过 (进入) The enemys defences were strong but our soldiers broke through.
【拓展4】
break through有时指太阳、月亮等从云层里出来。The sun broke through at last in the afternoon.
8) break up
① 解散,驱散The police broke up the crowd (the meeting).
② (学校等)放假When do you break up for Christmas?
③ 结束,破裂The weather shows signs of breaking up.
④ 击碎,撞碎The ship broke up on the rocks.
⑤ 绝交Shes just broken up with her boyfriend.
6. belong to
【点拨】
表示“属于”The house belongs to my grandfather.
【拓展1】
belong to可引申指“是……的成员”。Do you belong to the tennis club?
【拓展2】
belong to 没有进行时态,也没有被动语态。如:
误:The house is belonging to my grandfather.
7. put into effect (P.62, Unit 4)
【点拨】
实行 (实现,实施) The new system will soon be put into effect.
【拓展1】
put into effect 的近义词组:put into practice实行,实现
It is time to put into practice the things you have learned.
【拓展2】 put短语归纳:
put aside 存钱;put away 放好,收起来;存钱;put an end to 结束;put back 把 (钟) 拨慢;推迟;阻碍;put down 扑灭,平息,镇压;放下;put forward 提出;put into 插入;译成;put off 延期,拖延;put on 上演;穿戴;put on weight 长胖;put out 熄灭,扑灭;伸出,拿出;put sb. to bed 打发某人睡觉;put sb. to the trouble of 麻烦某人做;put up 挂起,张贴;举起,抬起;建造,搭起;为某人提供膳宿;put up with 忍受,容忍;put ones heart into 用心去做
三、语法
1. The development of a text (Unit 3)
A构成段落的三大组成部分
段落是篇章构成的基本单位之一,段落结构组织得是否合理在很大程度上会影响篇章的整体结构及效果。典型的英语段落包括一个主题句 (topic sentence),若干扩展句 (supporting sentences),必要时还有一个结论句 (concluding sentence)。主题句表达的是段落的中心思想,是段落展开的核心,是为整篇文章的中心服务的;而扩展句则具体地描述、说明、阐述或论证主题句体现的中心思想。结论句往往是用来强调、重申主题或归纳、总结段落大意。 1) 主题句
主题句对于段落的重要性是毋庸质疑的,因此,主题句的优劣将直接关系到该段落的写作质量。好的主题句不仅能够起到限定段落基调的作用,而且起到限定主题范围的作用。主题句明确地限定了段落内容,这样,习作者在搜集、筛选与主题相关的事实、例证、节时才能够较容易地把握住方向。而且,主题突出的主题句也能使读者一目了然,有利于读者预测下文内容。倘若段落的主题句过于笼统或模糊,就无法成为整个段落发展的指南针,就难以合理组织相关材料来进一步陈述、说服或阐述主题,甚至使整个段落乃至整篇文章结构松散、逻辑不清。
2) 扩展句
尽管主题句十分重要,但它不能没有扩展句的支持。扩展句就是对主题句所陈述的思想观点加以展开分类,提出各种细节或例证以阐述或证明主题的各个方面。扩展句就像是段落的血肉,“有血有肉”的段落才能感染读者、说服读者,才能达到写作的根本目的。在主题句确定后,习作者就要开始选择和主题有关的信息和素材。实质上,针对主题测试每一个所选择素材就是一个分类过程。有一种常用方法就是句子展开前加以设问,然后解答,即设问——解答(why—because)方法。
3) 结论句
有时,为了求得段落结构的整体性,习作者喜欢利用段落的最后一句简要地归纳段落大意,或重申段落主题,做到前后呼应。写结论句时,要特别注意以下三点:(1)不要突然冒出与该段主题不相关甚至相互矛盾的新话题;(2)不要过于冗长;(3)语气不能太武断,应该委婉些。
B段落的两大要素
一个好的段落除了具有上述结构上的三大组成部分之外,还应该中心突出,结构完整,条理清晰,表达连贯,即段落应具有一致性和连贯性两个要素:
第一,思想上保持一致性 (unity)。一致性指段落中的所有句子都紧扣一个中心,没有任何偏离主题的题外话。主题句的确定与辅助细节的筛选已基本能保证段落的一致性。在一个段落中只能讨论一个主要内容,这个主要内容是由主题句概括叙述,然后通过各个支持句逐一阐述。主题句通常置于段落之首,这符合英语的语篇思维特征,先采用主题句开门见山地摆出问题,随之辅以细说。主体句确立后,还要注意说明、解释主题句的内容是否与主题相符。总之,一个段落只能有一个中心 (controlling idea),段落中所有内容都必须围绕这一中心展开。
第二,内容上连贯性 (coherence)。连贯性是指为了使段落便于阅读和理解,扩展句应该按某种逻辑顺序排列;同时,各部分内容应该用适当的过渡词或短语连接起来。连贯性要求段落中句子的排列自然合理,而且句子之间的衔接要合理自然。因此,确定了支持主题句的细节之后,应该认真考虑辅助句的顺序。为了保证各个辅助句之间的连贯,习作者必须十分熟悉英文中的关联词及其作用,掌握衔接的技巧。
2. Language styles (Unit4)—语言风格
大家都知道:中国的国画和外国的油画的风格不同,中国古代建筑和外国古代建筑的风格不同,同样道理,汉语的语言风格和英语的语言风格也很不一样。比如:
英语用词简朴而英语是写实语言;英语句子偏长而汉语句子偏短;英语语法偏详细工整而汉语语法偏省略;英语里虚词多而汉语里虚词少;英语里尽量用“借用词”表达新概念而汉语里则尽量用“组合词”表达新概念;英语里尽量用系动词加介词等静态词表达而汉语里偏向于用动态行为动词表达;英语里尽量用疑问句表达客气的请求而汉语里多用陈述句前面加“请”字表达客气的请求等等。不了解英语的这些语言风格特征,我们就不知道英语是什么样,就算认识很多英语单词,也不知道怎样用这些单词来构造地道正确的英语句子,就会“用英语的砖头来盖汉语的房子”,用英语单词说汉语,并且在使用英语时会出很多笑话。
就礼貌客气而言,不同的语言有不同的表达习惯,要想做到客气而又不使人误解,光语气和气还不够,还要了解对方的语言习惯。比如英语多用“疑问句”的方式表示客气,而汉语多用陈述句前加“请”字表示客气,比如汉语说“请喝茶”,英语则说成“Would you like a cup of tea?”如果用陈述句对外国人说“Please have a cup of tea.”就是在命令他喝茶,不喝不行。外国人到中国人家做客时,中国人总是用汉语的方式说“请坐、请喝水、请吃饭、请再吃个水果、请再坐一会儿……”等等,美国人曾不解地问我:“我到中国人家去做客的时候,为什么中国人总是命令我做这做那,搞得我好不自在?”我反问道:“那你们美国人怎么对待客人?”他说:“我们美国人会说,请随便,就像在自己家一样,想吃什么就拿什么。”我又问:“那客人真的会想吃什么就拿什么吗?”他说:“是的,客人会自己打开冰箱拿饮料喝。”我说:“在中国正好反过来,如果你让他把这儿当自己的家,想吃什么自己拿,他肯定什么都不拿,若你真心想让客人吃,就要不断地劝他吃才行。”他回答说:“在美国这叫侵犯人身自由。”因此了解语言风格十分重要,否则我们热情了半天,反而可能被误解,出现尴尬还蒙在鼓里不知道是怎么回事。
(作者:康传桂,海安县李堡中学)