一、引言 二战以来,马克思的哲学成了西方哲学一个具有重要意义的部分。这个发展受到冷战的刺激和推动。众所周知,冷战开始于作为二战后世界的一个强国——苏联的出现,还有中国共产党于1949年建立的人民共和国。苏联把马克思主义的一种形式宣传为国家的意识形态,这促成了对马克思的哲学的富有影响的批评——例如亚克顿(Acton)、伯林(Berlin)、拉普门纳兹(Plamenatz)和波普(Popper)。我认为这种批评在科拉克夫斯基(Kolakowski)那里达到顶峰, I. Introduction Since the Second World War, Marx’s philosophy has become an important part of western philosophy. This development has been stimulated and promoted by the Cold War. It is well-known that the Cold War began with the emergence of the Soviet Union as a powerful nation after World War II and the People’s Republic of China established by the Chinese Communist Party in 1949. The Soviet propaganda of a form of Marxism as a state ideology led to influential criticisms of Marx’s philosophy - such as Acton, Berlin, Plamenatz ) And Popper. I think this criticism peaked at Kolakowski,