In spite of the promising therapeutic potential exhibited by the numerous antitumor nanomaterials,it remains a major challenge for particulate-based therapeutics to effectively transport into solid tumors,especially in stromal enriched tumors.The recent progress on understanding the critical roles and the underlying mechanisms of tumor microenvironment on tumor rapid growth and metastasis has made targeting the tumor microenvironment becomes a feasible strategy to improve the effectiveness of nanomaterials-based cancer diagnosis and therapy.Expression of stromal fibroblasts-specific enzymes and pathological changes of tumor vasculature are the most remarkable hallmarks of tumor microenvironment in almost all types of tumors and can be considered as good specific triggers or targets for design of broad-spectrum and local-environment responsive functional nanomaterial-based platform.Here we report novel biomimetic nanostructures based on oligopeptide self-assemblies that could quickly response and regulate the key components of tumor microenvironment.