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在英语语言中，为了使语言简洁明了，重点突出或上下文紧密相连，一个句子中一个或多个成分会被省略，这样的句子称为省略句 (Elliptical sentences)。现就《牛津高中英语》教材中省略现象分析如下：
一、简单句中常有一些成分被省略掉。这种情况在对话中最为普遍，不管是回答别人的问题，或是紧接着别人说话时都会发生，另外口语中也常用省略句。
1．省略主语
1) 祈使句中的主语通常被省略。如：And (you) look at this room—trash all over the place.(M1U2)看看这房间，到处都是垃圾。
2) 其它省略主语多限于现成的说法或根据上下文。如：(I) Thank you very much for your letter. (M2U2) 非常感谢您的来信。
2．省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分。如：(I’m) Sorry, I haven’t written for so long. (M2U2) 对不起，很久没给您写信了。
(There’re) Talks that we can attend. (M1U1) 有一些讲座我们是可以去听的。
3．省略宾语。如：Why can’t I clean up (my mess) when I get home？ (M2U2) 我难道不能回来打扫吗?
4．省略表语。如：—Was it difficult to try out? (M8U2) 参加选拔赛难吗?
—Yes, it was (difficult to try out). 是的，很难。
5．同时省略几个部分。如：This sign means (I wish) good luck (to you) in Britain. (M3U2) 这种手势的意思是祝你好运。
二、并列句的省略，在并列句中后面的分句可以省略与前面分句中相同的成分。如：We all want to be smart about what we believe, so (we all want to) be smart about advertisements. (M4U1) 该相信什么，不该相信什么，我们需要在这方面变得聪明起来，同样，对广告我们也要变得精明起来。
The first public showings of wireless TV transmissions were made in 1925 in the USA and (they were made) in 1926 in Britain. (M7U1) 无线电视传播节目首播在美国是1925年，在英国是1926年。
I was glad to receive your letter and (I) am happy to tell you what I think about winter swimming. (M4U2) 很高兴收到你的来信，也很高兴告诉你我对冬泳的看法。
三、主从复合句中的省略
1．状语从句中的省略。当从句中的主语与主句中的主语相一致或相同，且含有be动词时，主语和be动词可以一起省略。省略后可能出现以下结构：从属连词 + 名词 / 形容词 / 介词短语 / 现在分词 / 过去分词 / 不定式等。
1) 由when, while, as, before, after, till, until, once等引导的时间状语从句。如：He became convinced that they exist while (he was) studying the footprints. (M2U1) 在研究脚印的过程中，他越发坚信野人的确存在。
Once (she was) out in the street, she walked quickly towards her usual bus stop. (M3U1) 一到街上，波莉就急匆匆地向往常乘车的车站走去。
The type and quantity of illegal drugs a person is carrying when (he / she is) caught by police determine the punishment. (M10U3) 一个人被警察抓获时所携带的非法毒品的种类和数量决定了惩罚的轻重。
When (you’re) choosing a career, you should consider all the aspects of a job. (M11U1) 当你选择职业时，你应该考虑一份工作的方方面面。
2) 由as, than等引导的比较状语从句。如：Mom and dad arrive back from vacation a day earlier than (they are) expected. (M1U2) 爸爸和妈妈度假回家的时间比孩子们预计的时间提前一天。
3) 由if, unless等引导的条件状语从句。如：If (it is) possible, I’d like some time to think it over. (M3U1) 如果有可能，我想用点时间考虑一下。
4) 由as引导的原因状语从句。如：(As it is) Scared and cold, the Time Traveller starts back towards the present. (M4U3) 时间旅行者感到非常恐惧和寒冷，于是开始向现在返回。
2.定语从句中的省略。
1) 在限定性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词that, which, whom可以省略。如：The people (whom / who / that) you want to reach are your target audience. (M4U1) 你期望到达的人群就是你的目标受众。
Beautiful scenery is just one of the treasures (that / which) Canada has to offer.(M9U1)美丽的风景只是加拿大可以奉献的宝藏之一。
2) 当先行词为表示方式的the way时，从句不用how，而应该用in which或that来引导，或将它们全部省略。如：When you write a dialogue, you can’t write exactly the way (that / in which) people speak. (M1U2) 当你编对话时，可不能完全按照人们说话的方式写出来。
3) 在口语和非正式用法中，关系副词when, where, why经常用that来代替，甚至还可以省略。如：In my opinion, it is about time (that) we had new computers. (M4U3) 在我看来，我们该有新的电脑了。
4) 在It’s (about / high) time that定语从句中，谓语动词可以用should + 动词原形，should有时可省略。如：It is high time that we (should) take effective measures to prevent this. (M4U3) 该是我们采取有效措施防止此事的时候了。
3．宾语从句中的省略。
1) 在及物动词后面所接的宾语从句中，连词that一般可以省略；但如果及物动词后面是由that引导的两个或两个以上的并列的宾语从句，那么只有第一个that可以省略。如：I hope (that) you agree that this is a technology which should be used in future films. (M4U3)我希望你也同意我的观点：这是一项在未来电影业中值得好好开发利用的技术。
He said (that) it wasn’t his fault if he couldn’t play as well as me and that I shouldn’t yell at him. (M5U1) 他说，如果他踢得没有我好，那也不是他的过错，而且我不应该对他大吼大叫的。
2) 在与insist, order, command, suggest, advise, propose, require, request, demand, desire, recommend等词相关的名词性从句中，需用虚拟语气形式“should + 动词原形”，should可以省略。如：I suggest you (should) join a swimming club and learn from a couch. (M4U2) 我建议你应该加入游泳俱乐部，向教练学习。
I advise that you (should) watch less TV at night. (M4U2) 我建议你晚间少看电视。
I recommend that we (should) purchase 10 copies for the library. (M4U1) 我建议给图书馆买十本。
4．在It is important / necessary / natural / strange that引导的主语从句中，需用虚拟语气形式“should + 动词原形”，should可省略。如：It is, therefore, important that we (should) find out who the reader is and what the purpose of the writing is. (M2U3) 因此，重要的是我们应该搞清楚读者是谁，写作的目的是什么。
5．主句省略多用于句首。如：(It’s my) Hope that you will think about it. (M3U2) 我希望你能考虑一下。
6．在答语中，主句可全部省略。如：Why does the writer think that the Forbidden City is a good setting for Turandot? (She thinks that the Forbidden City is a good setting for Turandot) because she feels that she can almost feel the history. (M8U2) 作者为什么认为紫禁城是图兰朵很好的背景? 因为她觉得她几乎可以触摸到历史。
四、动词不定式省略
1．当两个动词不定式由and, or, except, but, than, rather than, as, like相连接时，通常情况下第二个动词不定式要省略to。如：We had nothing to do but watch TV. (M5U1) 除了看电视，我们无事可做。
2．动词不定式在感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe和使役动词make, let, have等词后作宾语补足语时，省略动词不定式符号to。但在被动语态中，to不能省略。如：She wants to make you relax. (M3U2) 她想让你放松一下。
In the film, a World Cup final was being played and the teenager was made to think that he had scored the winning goal. (M4U3) 电影中正在进行一场世界杯的决赛，虚拟效果让该少年觉得自己刚刚进了一个决定胜负的球。
I saw him go there. (M4U3) 我看到他去那里了。
He was seen to go there. (M4U3) 他被看到去那里了。
3．在had better, Why (not), would rather结构中，不定式不带to。如：You had better tidy your bedroom. (M5U1) 你最好把卧室打扫一下。
You are good at the 400-metre race. Why (do) not (you) try that? (M4U2) 你擅长于400米赛跑，为什么不试一试呢?
I would rather go swimming. (M5U1) 我宁愿去游泳。
4．不定式作某些动词的宾语时，只保留to，省略和前面相同的内容。这些动词常见的有：like, love, wish, hope, expect, prefer, refuse, mean, try, afford, remember, manage等。如：
Although he would like to (break his promise), the emperor can’t break his promise. (M8U2)虽然皇帝想违背诺言，但是他不能这样做。
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五、其它省略现象
1．在What或How引导的感叹句中，常可省略主语it和be动词。如：Today I saw the ancient city of Pompeii as it was 2000 years ago. How amazing (it was)! 今天我看到了2000年前的庞贝古城。多么迷人啊！
2．在what if引导的从句中。如：I understand now, but the question is what (I shall / should do) if I still can’t understand the meanings. (M3U2) 我现在懂了，但问题是，如果我仍然不懂其意思时，该怎么办呢?
3．在固定用法中，介词可省略。如：Since winning the local table tennis competition, I have been busy (in) training for my next competition. (M4U2) 自从赢了当地的乒乓球比赛后，我一直忙于参加下一次比赛的训练。
Don’t waste time (in) giving details that are not needed to answer the question. (M4U2) 不要浪费时间提供不需要回答该问题的细节。
On Sunday 2nd March, for example, I spent four hours (in) writing my homework in the computer room, from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. (M4U3) 例如,在三月二号星期天，我花四小时 (从上午10点到下午2点) 在计算机房做家庭作业。
高考真题
1. Though ________ to see us, the professor gave us a warm welcome. (2010全国II卷11)
________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________
A. surprisingB. was surprised
C. surprisedD. being surprised
【解析】C。当让步从句中的主语与主句中的主语相一致或相同，且含有be动词时，主语和be动词 (he was) 可以一起省略。
2. The experiment shows that proper amounts of exercise, if ________ regularly, can improve our health. (2010浙江卷8)
A. being carried outB. carrying out
C. carried outD. to carry out
【解析】C。当if，unless引导的条件状语从句中的主语与主句中的主语相一致或相同，且含有be动词时，主语和be动词 (they are) 可以一起省略。
3. Some of you may have finished Unit One. ________, you can go on to Unit Two. (2009年江西卷35)
A. If you mayB. If you do
C. If notD. If so
【解析】D。本题考查省略句的用法。If so=If you have done that / so。
4. Every evening after dinner, if not ________ from work, I will spend some time walking my dog. (2009年湖南卷21)
A. being tiredB. tiring
C. tiredD. to be tired
【解析】C。考查省略句式。在if引导的条件状语从句中，从句中还原应为if I am not tired from work，根据省略的原则，所以答案选C。
5.—Have you got any particular plans for the coming holiday?
—Yes, ________, I’m going to visit some homes for the old in the city. (2008安徽卷32)
A. If everB. If busy
C. If anythingD. If possible
【解析】D。当if, unless引导的条件状语从句中的主语与主句中的主语相一致或相同或由it担任，且含有be动词时，主语和be动词 (it is) 可以一起省略。
6.—Who should be responsible for the accident?
—The boss, not the workers. They just carried out the order ________. (2008福建卷30)
A. as toldB. as are told
C. as tellingD. as they told
【解析】A。当as引导的方式状语从句中的主语与主句中的主语相一致或相同或由it担任，且含有be动词时，主语和be动词 (they were) 可以一起省略。
(作者：吴涛，南京市第三高级中学)
一、简单句中常有一些成分被省略掉。这种情况在对话中最为普遍，不管是回答别人的问题，或是紧接着别人说话时都会发生，另外口语中也常用省略句。
1．省略主语
1) 祈使句中的主语通常被省略。如：And (you) look at this room—trash all over the place.(M1U2)看看这房间，到处都是垃圾。
2) 其它省略主语多限于现成的说法或根据上下文。如：(I) Thank you very much for your letter. (M2U2) 非常感谢您的来信。
2．省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分。如：(I’m) Sorry, I haven’t written for so long. (M2U2) 对不起，很久没给您写信了。
(There’re) Talks that we can attend. (M1U1) 有一些讲座我们是可以去听的。
3．省略宾语。如：Why can’t I clean up (my mess) when I get home？ (M2U2) 我难道不能回来打扫吗?
4．省略表语。如：—Was it difficult to try out? (M8U2) 参加选拔赛难吗?
—Yes, it was (difficult to try out). 是的，很难。
5．同时省略几个部分。如：This sign means (I wish) good luck (to you) in Britain. (M3U2) 这种手势的意思是祝你好运。
二、并列句的省略，在并列句中后面的分句可以省略与前面分句中相同的成分。如：We all want to be smart about what we believe, so (we all want to) be smart about advertisements. (M4U1) 该相信什么，不该相信什么，我们需要在这方面变得聪明起来，同样，对广告我们也要变得精明起来。
The first public showings of wireless TV transmissions were made in 1925 in the USA and (they were made) in 1926 in Britain. (M7U1) 无线电视传播节目首播在美国是1925年，在英国是1926年。
I was glad to receive your letter and (I) am happy to tell you what I think about winter swimming. (M4U2) 很高兴收到你的来信，也很高兴告诉你我对冬泳的看法。
三、主从复合句中的省略
1．状语从句中的省略。当从句中的主语与主句中的主语相一致或相同，且含有be动词时，主语和be动词可以一起省略。省略后可能出现以下结构：从属连词 + 名词 / 形容词 / 介词短语 / 现在分词 / 过去分词 / 不定式等。
1) 由when, while, as, before, after, till, until, once等引导的时间状语从句。如：He became convinced that they exist while (he was) studying the footprints. (M2U1) 在研究脚印的过程中，他越发坚信野人的确存在。
Once (she was) out in the street, she walked quickly towards her usual bus stop. (M3U1) 一到街上，波莉就急匆匆地向往常乘车的车站走去。
The type and quantity of illegal drugs a person is carrying when (he / she is) caught by police determine the punishment. (M10U3) 一个人被警察抓获时所携带的非法毒品的种类和数量决定了惩罚的轻重。
When (you’re) choosing a career, you should consider all the aspects of a job. (M11U1) 当你选择职业时，你应该考虑一份工作的方方面面。
2) 由as, than等引导的比较状语从句。如：Mom and dad arrive back from vacation a day earlier than (they are) expected. (M1U2) 爸爸和妈妈度假回家的时间比孩子们预计的时间提前一天。
3) 由if, unless等引导的条件状语从句。如：If (it is) possible, I’d like some time to think it over. (M3U1) 如果有可能，我想用点时间考虑一下。
4) 由as引导的原因状语从句。如：(As it is) Scared and cold, the Time Traveller starts back towards the present. (M4U3) 时间旅行者感到非常恐惧和寒冷，于是开始向现在返回。
2.定语从句中的省略。
1) 在限定性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词that, which, whom可以省略。如：The people (whom / who / that) you want to reach are your target audience. (M4U1) 你期望到达的人群就是你的目标受众。
Beautiful scenery is just one of the treasures (that / which) Canada has to offer.(M9U1)美丽的风景只是加拿大可以奉献的宝藏之一。
2) 当先行词为表示方式的the way时，从句不用how，而应该用in which或that来引导，或将它们全部省略。如：When you write a dialogue, you can’t write exactly the way (that / in which) people speak. (M1U2) 当你编对话时，可不能完全按照人们说话的方式写出来。
3) 在口语和非正式用法中，关系副词when, where, why经常用that来代替，甚至还可以省略。如：In my opinion, it is about time (that) we had new computers. (M4U3) 在我看来，我们该有新的电脑了。
4) 在It’s (about / high) time that定语从句中，谓语动词可以用should + 动词原形，should有时可省略。如：It is high time that we (should) take effective measures to prevent this. (M4U3) 该是我们采取有效措施防止此事的时候了。
3．宾语从句中的省略。
1) 在及物动词后面所接的宾语从句中，连词that一般可以省略；但如果及物动词后面是由that引导的两个或两个以上的并列的宾语从句，那么只有第一个that可以省略。如：I hope (that) you agree that this is a technology which should be used in future films. (M4U3)我希望你也同意我的观点：这是一项在未来电影业中值得好好开发利用的技术。
He said (that) it wasn’t his fault if he couldn’t play as well as me and that I shouldn’t yell at him. (M5U1) 他说，如果他踢得没有我好，那也不是他的过错，而且我不应该对他大吼大叫的。
2) 在与insist, order, command, suggest, advise, propose, require, request, demand, desire, recommend等词相关的名词性从句中，需用虚拟语气形式“should + 动词原形”，should可以省略。如：I suggest you (should) join a swimming club and learn from a couch. (M4U2) 我建议你应该加入游泳俱乐部，向教练学习。
I advise that you (should) watch less TV at night. (M4U2) 我建议你晚间少看电视。
I recommend that we (should) purchase 10 copies for the library. (M4U1) 我建议给图书馆买十本。
4．在It is important / necessary / natural / strange that引导的主语从句中，需用虚拟语气形式“should + 动词原形”，should可省略。如：It is, therefore, important that we (should) find out who the reader is and what the purpose of the writing is. (M2U3) 因此，重要的是我们应该搞清楚读者是谁，写作的目的是什么。
5．主句省略多用于句首。如：(It’s my) Hope that you will think about it. (M3U2) 我希望你能考虑一下。
6．在答语中，主句可全部省略。如：Why does the writer think that the Forbidden City is a good setting for Turandot? (She thinks that the Forbidden City is a good setting for Turandot) because she feels that she can almost feel the history. (M8U2) 作者为什么认为紫禁城是图兰朵很好的背景? 因为她觉得她几乎可以触摸到历史。
四、动词不定式省略
1．当两个动词不定式由and, or, except, but, than, rather than, as, like相连接时，通常情况下第二个动词不定式要省略to。如：We had nothing to do but watch TV. (M5U1) 除了看电视，我们无事可做。
2．动词不定式在感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe和使役动词make, let, have等词后作宾语补足语时，省略动词不定式符号to。但在被动语态中，to不能省略。如：She wants to make you relax. (M3U2) 她想让你放松一下。
In the film, a World Cup final was being played and the teenager was made to think that he had scored the winning goal. (M4U3) 电影中正在进行一场世界杯的决赛，虚拟效果让该少年觉得自己刚刚进了一个决定胜负的球。
I saw him go there. (M4U3) 我看到他去那里了。
He was seen to go there. (M4U3) 他被看到去那里了。
3．在had better, Why (not), would rather结构中，不定式不带to。如：You had better tidy your bedroom. (M5U1) 你最好把卧室打扫一下。
You are good at the 400-metre race. Why (do) not (you) try that? (M4U2) 你擅长于400米赛跑，为什么不试一试呢?
I would rather go swimming. (M5U1) 我宁愿去游泳。
4．不定式作某些动词的宾语时，只保留to，省略和前面相同的内容。这些动词常见的有：like, love, wish, hope, expect, prefer, refuse, mean, try, afford, remember, manage等。如：
Although he would like to (break his promise), the emperor can’t break his promise. (M8U2)虽然皇帝想违背诺言，但是他不能这样做。
________________________
五、其它省略现象
1．在What或How引导的感叹句中，常可省略主语it和be动词。如：Today I saw the ancient city of Pompeii as it was 2000 years ago. How amazing (it was)! 今天我看到了2000年前的庞贝古城。多么迷人啊！
2．在what if引导的从句中。如：I understand now, but the question is what (I shall / should do) if I still can’t understand the meanings. (M3U2) 我现在懂了，但问题是，如果我仍然不懂其意思时，该怎么办呢?
3．在固定用法中，介词可省略。如：Since winning the local table tennis competition, I have been busy (in) training for my next competition. (M4U2) 自从赢了当地的乒乓球比赛后，我一直忙于参加下一次比赛的训练。
Don’t waste time (in) giving details that are not needed to answer the question. (M4U2) 不要浪费时间提供不需要回答该问题的细节。
On Sunday 2nd March, for example, I spent four hours (in) writing my homework in the computer room, from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. (M4U3) 例如,在三月二号星期天，我花四小时 (从上午10点到下午2点) 在计算机房做家庭作业。
高考真题
1. Though ________ to see us, the professor gave us a warm welcome. (2010全国II卷11)
________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________
A. surprisingB. was surprised
C. surprisedD. being surprised
【解析】C。当让步从句中的主语与主句中的主语相一致或相同，且含有be动词时，主语和be动词 (he was) 可以一起省略。
2. The experiment shows that proper amounts of exercise, if ________ regularly, can improve our health. (2010浙江卷8)
A. being carried outB. carrying out
C. carried outD. to carry out
【解析】C。当if，unless引导的条件状语从句中的主语与主句中的主语相一致或相同，且含有be动词时，主语和be动词 (they are) 可以一起省略。
3. Some of you may have finished Unit One. ________, you can go on to Unit Two. (2009年江西卷35)
A. If you mayB. If you do
C. If notD. If so
【解析】D。本题考查省略句的用法。If so=If you have done that / so。
4. Every evening after dinner, if not ________ from work, I will spend some time walking my dog. (2009年湖南卷21)
A. being tiredB. tiring
C. tiredD. to be tired
【解析】C。考查省略句式。在if引导的条件状语从句中，从句中还原应为if I am not tired from work，根据省略的原则，所以答案选C。
5.—Have you got any particular plans for the coming holiday?
—Yes, ________, I’m going to visit some homes for the old in the city. (2008安徽卷32)
A. If everB. If busy
C. If anythingD. If possible
【解析】D。当if, unless引导的条件状语从句中的主语与主句中的主语相一致或相同或由it担任，且含有be动词时，主语和be动词 (it is) 可以一起省略。
6.—Who should be responsible for the accident?
—The boss, not the workers. They just carried out the order ________. (2008福建卷30)
A. as toldB. as are told
C. as tellingD. as they told
【解析】A。当as引导的方式状语从句中的主语与主句中的主语相一致或相同或由it担任，且含有be动词时，主语和be动词 (they were) 可以一起省略。
(作者：吴涛，南京市第三高级中学)