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墨子（约公元前480—前390年），姓墨，名翟，战国时期鲁国小邾城（今山东省滕州市）人，中国古代伟大的思想家、教育家、科学家、军事家和社会活动家。墨子是一位学贯文理、注重实践、百科全书式的“平民圣人”，是中国历史上第一位“科圣”。他创立的墨家学说是中华民族优秀传统文化的重要组成部分。
墨子工匠出身，是中国历史上第一位出身于劳动人民并为劳动人民奔走呼喊的思想家。他自幼聪慧好学、智力过人。由于出身低微，他养成了注重节俭、劳身苦志的作风，“量腹而食，度身而衣”，吃“藜藿之羹”，穿“短褐之衣”。就是在这种艰苦的条件下，墨子也始终没有放松学习，并针对社会现状，提出自己的见解，形成了自己一套完整的思想体系。创立了墨家学派。
以“兴天下之利，除天下之害”为宗旨，墨子提出10大伦理主张：“兼爱”——爱人如爱己，爱别国如爱本国，不分等级、不分远近、不分亲疏地爱天下所有的人；“非攻”——反对战争，主张和平相处；“尚贤”——唯才是用，唯贤是用，反对任人唯亲；“尚同”——崇尚国家统一；“节用”——反对奢侈生活，提倡俭朴节约；“节葬”——反对厚葬久丧，主张薄葬短丧；“天志”——认为天有意志，君王违背天意就会受到惩罚；“明鬼”——认为鬼神能够赏罚分明；“非乐”——反对沉溺于声色之中；“非命”——反对宿命论主张发挥人的主观能动性。
除天志和明鬼带有明显的封建色彩外，其余8个方面都闪耀着真理的光辉。墨子的政治主张涉及社会、经济、政治、文化、教育、科学、宗教等诸多领域.他的主要思想、业绩体现在《墨子》一书中。《墨子》一书政治观点和道德观念形成的基本核心思想，便是墨子提出的“兼爱”（兼相爱），“兼爱”是墨家学派的主要思想观点。其它非攻、节用、节葬、非乐等主张，也都是由此而派生出来的。墨子的“兼爱”，是对孔子思想体系的基本观念的“仁”的改造。这是中国历史上第一个治国平天下的救世方略。
墨子不但是一位伟大的思想家，更是一位杰出的科学家，因而有“科圣”的美誉。他为完备城门设施而设计的吊桥、为探测敌情而设计的听瓮、为备战而制造的舟、车等，都是当时最先进的设备。
墨子天资聪慧，据说他用木头削成的车轴，能承受300公斤重的物体；见天上鹰飞鸟翔，他制成了木鸢，能在天上飞三天；他还比当时的巧匠公输盘更早地发明了云梯；看到满山的野果壳在雨水浸泡之后流出色液，他发明了坑布之法引导山民坑染布料。墨子还把自己对坑布技术的感悟上升到哲学的思维高度，这就是后来他写的名篇《所染》。 由此可见，墨子还是一位发明家、科学家。
除此之外，墨子还擅长守城术，其弟子将他的经验总结成《城守》21篇。在军事上，他知道以兵制兵、以战制战、以术制术、以器制器，并为此写了《非攻》、《备城门》等一系列军事名篇。
常把学到的知识与实践相对照，是墨子治学的根本，并写出了《非儒》、《非乐》、《节葬》、《节用》等名篇。当时，许多知名之士都投奔到墨子门下，墨家学派开始形成。墨子对他的门徒不但授以思想理论，更重视在实践中学习，关键时刻还能挺身而出，出兵打仗。历史上有名的墨子止楚攻宋的故事，就充分说明了这一点。
约在公元前440年前后，墨子约29岁时，楚国准备攻打宋国，请著名工匠鲁班制造攻城的云梯等器械。当时墨子正在家乡讲学，听到消息后非常着急；一面安排大弟子禽滑厘带领三百名精壮弟子，帮助宋国守城；一面亲自出马劝阻楚王。墨子说：“现在有一个人，丢掉自己的彩饰马车，却想偷邻居的破车子；丢掉自己的华丽衣裳，却想偷邻居的粗布衣，这是个什么人呢？”楚王不假思索地答道：“这个人一定有偷窃病吧！”墨子趁机对楚王说：“楚国方圆五千里，土地富饶，物产丰富，而宋国疆域狭窄，资源贫困。两相对比，正如彩车与破车、锦绣与破衣。大王攻打宋国，这不正如偷窃癖者一样？如攻宋，大王一定会丧失道义，并且一定会失败。” 楚王理屈辞穷，借鲁班已造好攻城器械为由，拒绝放弃攻宋的决定。墨子同鲁班演习各种攻守战阵。鲁班组织了9次进攻，结果9次被墨子击破。鲁班攻城器械用尽，墨子守城器械还有剩余。鲁班认输后故意说：“我知道怎么赢你，可我不说。”墨子答道：“我知道你如何赢我，我也不说。”楚王莫名其妙，问：“你们说的是什么？”墨子义正辞严他说：“他以为杀了我，宋国就守不住，但是，我早已布置好，我的大弟子禽滑厘能代替我用墨家制造的器械指挥守城，同宋国军民一起严阵以待！即使杀了我，你也无法取胜！”这番话，彻底打消了楚王攻宋的念头，楚王知道取胜无望，被迫放弃了攻打宋国的计划。这就是墨翟陈辞，止楚攻宋的典故。
其时，早在2300多年前，在墨子的著作《墨经》中就已经包含了丰富的关于力学、光学、几何学、工程技术知识和现代物理学、数学的基本要素。小孔成像原理就是墨子最早发现的。他的微分学原理，也比西方要早。因此，“科圣”墨子又被西方科学界称为“东方的德谟克利特”。
Mozi: The Sage of Science
Mozi (480 B.C.-390 B.C.), family name Mo, given name Zhai, was a famous thinker, educator, scientist, militarist, and social activist living in Xiaozhucheng in the State of Lu (today’s Tengzhou, Shandong), during the early Warring States Period (475 - 221 B.C.). He was the first “Sage of Science” in China’s history and founded the school of Mohism, which plays an important part in China’s traditional culture.
Mozi came from the artisan class and was the first thinker to speak for the ordinary people. He was very clever from his childhood and also very thrifty due to his humble birth. Under these hard conditions, Mozi never gave up study. He put forward his opinion according to his social status and created the school of Mohism.
Mozi was not only a great thinker, but also an outstanding scientist and was honored as “The Sage of Science”. He created many kinds of equipment well in advance of their time such as the suspension bridge built for completing the facilities of the city gate, “Tingweng” (a kind of audiomonitor made of pottery) for detecting the enemy situation, and ships and vehicles for use in war.
Mozi was very intelligent. He whittled wooden axles which could bear weights of 300 kilograms; he saw the eagles flying in the sky and made wood gliders which could fly three days in the air; he invented the scaling ladder earlier than Gong Shupan, an artificer at that time; he saw the colored water flowing out of the skins of wild fruit after being soaked by the rain and then guided the people living in the mountains to dye cloth. Subsequently, he raised the practice of dyeing to the level of philosophy and wrote the famous work “Suoran” (Coloring One's Environment). Mozi, then, was both an inventor and a scientist.
In addition, Mozi was also good at defending cities. His disciples summarized his experiences in the 21 chapters of “Chengshou” (City Defending). Mozi wrote lots of military works such as “Feigong” (No Offensive War) and “Beichengmen” (Preparing City Walls and Gates).
2,300 years ago, the whole corpus of Mozi’s ideas called the “Mojing” (the Mohist Canon) had already recorded the rich knowledge of mechanics, optics, geometry, engineering technology and the basic elements of modern physics and maths. His original ideas in the aspects of mechanics, maths, and optics were almost the same as the modern scientific principle. Some of Mozi’s theories involved natural science, optics, and acoustics. Pinhole imaging theory was firstly discovered by Mozi. His differential calculus was earlier than that of the western countries. Mozi was also honored as the “Oriental Democritus” by the western community.
2,000 years later, Mozi was highly regarded as an ancient master of dialectical materialism by Mao Zedong and was known as the “Sage of Science”. He was also highly commended as the “World First Master in Terms of Equal Philanthropism” by Sun Yat-sen. Mozi, Huangdi, Washington, and Rousseau are together considered forgreat individuals in the history of the world. Mr. Yang Xiangkui, a famous modern scholar of China said: “Mozi’s achievements in natural science were higher than the scientists and philosophers of ancient Greece. His own achievements were equal to the whole of that of the Greeks. ”
墨子工匠出身，是中国历史上第一位出身于劳动人民并为劳动人民奔走呼喊的思想家。他自幼聪慧好学、智力过人。由于出身低微，他养成了注重节俭、劳身苦志的作风，“量腹而食，度身而衣”，吃“藜藿之羹”，穿“短褐之衣”。就是在这种艰苦的条件下，墨子也始终没有放松学习，并针对社会现状，提出自己的见解，形成了自己一套完整的思想体系。创立了墨家学派。
以“兴天下之利，除天下之害”为宗旨，墨子提出10大伦理主张：“兼爱”——爱人如爱己，爱别国如爱本国，不分等级、不分远近、不分亲疏地爱天下所有的人；“非攻”——反对战争，主张和平相处；“尚贤”——唯才是用，唯贤是用，反对任人唯亲；“尚同”——崇尚国家统一；“节用”——反对奢侈生活，提倡俭朴节约；“节葬”——反对厚葬久丧，主张薄葬短丧；“天志”——认为天有意志，君王违背天意就会受到惩罚；“明鬼”——认为鬼神能够赏罚分明；“非乐”——反对沉溺于声色之中；“非命”——反对宿命论主张发挥人的主观能动性。
除天志和明鬼带有明显的封建色彩外，其余8个方面都闪耀着真理的光辉。墨子的政治主张涉及社会、经济、政治、文化、教育、科学、宗教等诸多领域.他的主要思想、业绩体现在《墨子》一书中。《墨子》一书政治观点和道德观念形成的基本核心思想，便是墨子提出的“兼爱”（兼相爱），“兼爱”是墨家学派的主要思想观点。其它非攻、节用、节葬、非乐等主张，也都是由此而派生出来的。墨子的“兼爱”，是对孔子思想体系的基本观念的“仁”的改造。这是中国历史上第一个治国平天下的救世方略。
墨子不但是一位伟大的思想家，更是一位杰出的科学家，因而有“科圣”的美誉。他为完备城门设施而设计的吊桥、为探测敌情而设计的听瓮、为备战而制造的舟、车等，都是当时最先进的设备。
墨子天资聪慧，据说他用木头削成的车轴，能承受300公斤重的物体；见天上鹰飞鸟翔，他制成了木鸢，能在天上飞三天；他还比当时的巧匠公输盘更早地发明了云梯；看到满山的野果壳在雨水浸泡之后流出色液，他发明了坑布之法引导山民坑染布料。墨子还把自己对坑布技术的感悟上升到哲学的思维高度，这就是后来他写的名篇《所染》。 由此可见，墨子还是一位发明家、科学家。
除此之外，墨子还擅长守城术，其弟子将他的经验总结成《城守》21篇。在军事上，他知道以兵制兵、以战制战、以术制术、以器制器，并为此写了《非攻》、《备城门》等一系列军事名篇。
常把学到的知识与实践相对照，是墨子治学的根本，并写出了《非儒》、《非乐》、《节葬》、《节用》等名篇。当时，许多知名之士都投奔到墨子门下，墨家学派开始形成。墨子对他的门徒不但授以思想理论，更重视在实践中学习，关键时刻还能挺身而出，出兵打仗。历史上有名的墨子止楚攻宋的故事，就充分说明了这一点。
约在公元前440年前后，墨子约29岁时，楚国准备攻打宋国，请著名工匠鲁班制造攻城的云梯等器械。当时墨子正在家乡讲学，听到消息后非常着急；一面安排大弟子禽滑厘带领三百名精壮弟子，帮助宋国守城；一面亲自出马劝阻楚王。墨子说：“现在有一个人，丢掉自己的彩饰马车，却想偷邻居的破车子；丢掉自己的华丽衣裳，却想偷邻居的粗布衣，这是个什么人呢？”楚王不假思索地答道：“这个人一定有偷窃病吧！”墨子趁机对楚王说：“楚国方圆五千里，土地富饶，物产丰富，而宋国疆域狭窄，资源贫困。两相对比，正如彩车与破车、锦绣与破衣。大王攻打宋国，这不正如偷窃癖者一样？如攻宋，大王一定会丧失道义，并且一定会失败。” 楚王理屈辞穷，借鲁班已造好攻城器械为由，拒绝放弃攻宋的决定。墨子同鲁班演习各种攻守战阵。鲁班组织了9次进攻，结果9次被墨子击破。鲁班攻城器械用尽，墨子守城器械还有剩余。鲁班认输后故意说：“我知道怎么赢你，可我不说。”墨子答道：“我知道你如何赢我，我也不说。”楚王莫名其妙，问：“你们说的是什么？”墨子义正辞严他说：“他以为杀了我，宋国就守不住，但是，我早已布置好，我的大弟子禽滑厘能代替我用墨家制造的器械指挥守城，同宋国军民一起严阵以待！即使杀了我，你也无法取胜！”这番话，彻底打消了楚王攻宋的念头，楚王知道取胜无望，被迫放弃了攻打宋国的计划。这就是墨翟陈辞，止楚攻宋的典故。
其时，早在2300多年前，在墨子的著作《墨经》中就已经包含了丰富的关于力学、光学、几何学、工程技术知识和现代物理学、数学的基本要素。小孔成像原理就是墨子最早发现的。他的微分学原理，也比西方要早。因此，“科圣”墨子又被西方科学界称为“东方的德谟克利特”。
Mozi: The Sage of Science
Mozi (480 B.C.-390 B.C.), family name Mo, given name Zhai, was a famous thinker, educator, scientist, militarist, and social activist living in Xiaozhucheng in the State of Lu (today’s Tengzhou, Shandong), during the early Warring States Period (475 - 221 B.C.). He was the first “Sage of Science” in China’s history and founded the school of Mohism, which plays an important part in China’s traditional culture.
Mozi came from the artisan class and was the first thinker to speak for the ordinary people. He was very clever from his childhood and also very thrifty due to his humble birth. Under these hard conditions, Mozi never gave up study. He put forward his opinion according to his social status and created the school of Mohism.
Mozi was not only a great thinker, but also an outstanding scientist and was honored as “The Sage of Science”. He created many kinds of equipment well in advance of their time such as the suspension bridge built for completing the facilities of the city gate, “Tingweng” (a kind of audiomonitor made of pottery) for detecting the enemy situation, and ships and vehicles for use in war.
Mozi was very intelligent. He whittled wooden axles which could bear weights of 300 kilograms; he saw the eagles flying in the sky and made wood gliders which could fly three days in the air; he invented the scaling ladder earlier than Gong Shupan, an artificer at that time; he saw the colored water flowing out of the skins of wild fruit after being soaked by the rain and then guided the people living in the mountains to dye cloth. Subsequently, he raised the practice of dyeing to the level of philosophy and wrote the famous work “Suoran” (Coloring One's Environment). Mozi, then, was both an inventor and a scientist.
In addition, Mozi was also good at defending cities. His disciples summarized his experiences in the 21 chapters of “Chengshou” (City Defending). Mozi wrote lots of military works such as “Feigong” (No Offensive War) and “Beichengmen” (Preparing City Walls and Gates).
2,300 years ago, the whole corpus of Mozi’s ideas called the “Mojing” (the Mohist Canon) had already recorded the rich knowledge of mechanics, optics, geometry, engineering technology and the basic elements of modern physics and maths. His original ideas in the aspects of mechanics, maths, and optics were almost the same as the modern scientific principle. Some of Mozi’s theories involved natural science, optics, and acoustics. Pinhole imaging theory was firstly discovered by Mozi. His differential calculus was earlier than that of the western countries. Mozi was also honored as the “Oriental Democritus” by the western community.
2,000 years later, Mozi was highly regarded as an ancient master of dialectical materialism by Mao Zedong and was known as the “Sage of Science”. He was also highly commended as the “World First Master in Terms of Equal Philanthropism” by Sun Yat-sen. Mozi, Huangdi, Washington, and Rousseau are together considered forgreat individuals in the history of the world. Mr. Yang Xiangkui, a famous modern scholar of China said: “Mozi’s achievements in natural science were higher than the scientists and philosophers of ancient Greece. His own achievements were equal to the whole of that of the Greeks. ”