论文部分内容阅读
一､ 词汇过关
1. include
【用法】 用作动词,意思是“包括;包含”,通常用作及物动词｡例如:
The price includes house and furniture. 这个价格包括房子和里面的家具｡
The plan includes most of your suggestions.这项计划里包括了你们的大部分建议｡
常用现在分词including引出短语,意思是“包括;包含在内”｡例如:
Some of us have been to the Great Wall,including Wei Fang. 我们中有些人到过长城,包括魏芳在内｡
间或也用过去分词形式｡例如:
Everyone laughed,me included. 大家都笑了,包括我在内｡
Six people,including three women,died in the battle. = Six people,three women included,died in the battle.在战斗中有六人牺牲,其中有三位妇女｡
【辨析】 include的名词形式是inclusion;形容词形式是inclusive,注意其后要用of｡例如: The price of the book is ten dollars, inclusive of postage. (书价10美元,其中包括邮寄费｡)include的反义词是exclucle｡
【辨析】 include与contain
include表“包含”时,侧重于指被包含者是整体的一部分,这一部分的性质与其他部分一致;而contain侧重指被包含者是某物的构成成分,这一成分的性质与其他成分不一致;在指容器内装着某物时常用contain｡例如:
The tour included a visit to the Science Museum.旅游项目中包括参观科学博物馆｡
The price includes both the house and furniture. 这个价格包括房子和家具｡
Sea water contains salt.海水中含有盐｡
What does that box contain?那个盒子里装着什么?
2. ruin
【用法】 用作及物动词,意思是“使毁坏;使毁灭”｡例如:
The fire ruined the house.大火烧毁了房屋｡
The earthquake in 1976 ruined the whole city of Tangshan. 1976年地震毁坏了整个唐山市｡
用作不可数名词,意思是“毁灭;崩溃”｡例如:
The accident brought him to ruin all his life. 这个事故毁灭了他的一生｡
ruin用作不可数名词,还可表示“祸根;衰败的原因”｡例如:
Gambling was his ruin.赌博是他的祸根｡
ruin用作可数名词,表示“倒毁的东西”,可用单数形式,表示“废墟;遗迹”时必须用复数形式｡例如:
The temple is now a ruin.这座寺庙已坍塌了｡
The visitors were struck by the ruins of Rome.参观者被古罗马的遗迹迷住了｡
【搭配】 in ruins 成为废墟;遭到严重破坏 be the ruin of 成为……毁灭的原因bring...to ruin 使破产;使毁灭 come to ruin 毁灭;崩溃 bring ruin to oneself自取灭亡
3. beauty
【用法】 用作不可数名词时,意思是“美;美丽”｡例如:
There is beauty in a fine picture.好画必美｡
The younger of the two noble men was struck by her beauty.两个贵族中年轻的那一个被她的美貌迷住了｡
用作可数名词时,意思是“美人;美好的东西”｡例如:
The young girl standing in the wind is really a beauty. 站在风中的那个女孩真是一个美人儿｡
Flowers are a part of the beauties of nature.花是大自然中美的一部分｡
在口语或非正式场合中,beauty还可表示“极好(坏)的人或物”｡例如:
That apple is a real beauty.那只苹果真好｡
4. portrait
【用法】 名词,意思是“肖像;画像”,通常用作可数名词｡例如:
This is a portrait of mine.这是我的一帧肖像｡
A portrait of his wife hung over the fireplace.他妻子的画像挂在壁炉的上方｡
【辨析】 portrait“肖像;画像”,尤其指侧身面部的相片,也可指生动的人物描写或刻画; picture 指广义的“图画;照片”;painting 指着色的“画”;drawing 指“钢笔或铅笔线条画;素描”｡
5. breath
【用法】 名词,意思是“呼吸;气息”｡例如:
He ran upstairs out of breath. 他上气不接下气地跑上楼来｡
When he saw the 1ion,he held his breath.当他看到狮子时,他屏住了呼吸｡
breath的动词形式是breathe｡
【搭配】 draw a breath 吸气hold one’s breath 不出声;屏息 short of breath 呼吸短促 lose one’s breath 喘不过气来 out of breath 上气不接下气
6. 1imit
【用法】 用作名词时,意思是“界限;限度”｡例如:
Don’t exceed the speed limit.不要超速｡
There is a limit to what I can do for you.我能为你所做的事是有限的｡
用作动词时,意思是“限制;限定”｡例如;
Our holidays are limited to two weeks a year.我们的假期限定为每年两周｡
Your family is not very rich,so you ought to limit spending.你家并不富有,因此你应该限制开销｡
【搭配】 within limits 有限度的;在一定的范围内
二､ 短语突破
1. more than超过;不仅仅是
More than seventy percent of the surface of the earth is covered by water. 地球上70%以上的表面为水所覆盖｡
There are more than sixty students in our class.我班有六十多名学生｡
Hibernation is more than sleep. 冬眠不仅仅是睡觉｡
【拓展】 more than 后接形容词时,相当于very, much;接动词时,意思为“非常; 极其”｡例如:
This new dictionary is more than useful to me. 这本新词典对我来说非常有用｡
He more than hesitated to promise it. 答应这件事,他是非常犹豫的｡
2. bring ... back to life使……复活(苏醒)
The trees and flowers bring the city back to life.树木和鲜花使这座城市恢复了生机｡
【拓展】 bring ... to life 使……复活(苏醒);使活跃起来 come to life复活,复苏
to the life逼真;栩栩如生
3. at least至少;起码,与 at most 意义相反｡
He is at least twenty.他至少二十岁｡(他二十多岁了｡)
He is at most twenty. 他至多二十岁｡(他不到二十岁｡)
4. give up放弃(念头､希望等);献出(生命等);认输;让出
He has given up smoking. 他戒烟了｡
He gave up teaching only two years ago. 两年前他才离开教学工作的｡
He has given up his job. 他辞去了工作｡
We mustn’t give up studying foreign languages for even a day. 我们学习外语一天也不要中断｡
She gave up her seat to an old man. 她把座位让给了一位老人｡
【辨析】 give up和give in的相同点:两词组在意思上都可表示“放弃;让步”,都可用作不及物动词｡不同点:give up 意思是“放弃”,可用作及物动词,后面接名词或动词的
-ing 形式;give in 意思是“屈服,投降”,只用作不及物动词,不能带宾语｡
He gave in (up) at last 他终于屈服了｡
He gave up smoking. 他戒了烟｡
He gave up this journey. 他放弃了这次旅行｡
5. with the help of 在……的帮助下
With the help of the government,the girl can continue her education. 在政府的帮助下,这个女孩能继续她的学业｡
With the help of the teacher,he made great progress in physics.在老师的帮助下,他在物理方面取得了很大的进步｡
6. the number of……的数目
The number of our school is 3080.我校学生的人数是3080｡
The number of countries in Asia is over 40. 亚洲的国家有四十多个｡
【辨析】 “a number of”的意思是“若干;许多”,相当于 some 或 a lot of,和复数名词连用｡构成名词词组,其中心词为后面的名词,故其做主语时,谓语动词用复数｡必要时,还可以在number前加上形容词great, large, small, good 等;the number of意为“……的数量”,后接复数可数名词,构成名词词组,其中心词为number,故用作主语时,其动词形式是单数｡
三､ 句式解析
1. Where there is a river, there is a city.哪里有河流,哪里就有城市｡
where 是连接副词,引导的地点状语从句含有条件意义,意思是“凡是有……的地方,就有……”｡例如:
Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者事竞成｡
Where there is smoke, there is fire.有烟必有火｡
注意where 既可作连接副词,引导状语从句,也可作关系副词,引导定语从句｡例如:
It is very difficult to live where there is no water. 在没有水的地方生活是十分困难的｡(地点状语从句)
No one likes to live in a place where there is no water. 没有一个人喜欢住在无水的地方｡(定语从句)
2. ..., but it is true that many of the world’s greatest cities have been built on the banks of a river.……,世界上很多大城市建在河岸上,这是真的｡
句中的that many of the world’s greatest cities have been built on the banks of a river是一个主语从句｡在英语中 that 引导的主语从句放在句首,句子常常显得头重脚轻｡因此,常用 it作形式主语,放在句首代替主语从句,而把真正的主语从句放在句尾｡主语从句用 it 作形式主语的情况很多｡常见的固定说法有:
It is a fact that ... 事实是……
It is a good thing that ... ……是好事情
It is good news that ... ……是好消息
It is clear that ... 很清楚……
It is necessary that ... 有必要……
It is important that ... 重要的是……
It is well-known that ... 众所周知……
It is said that ... 据说……
It seems that ... 似乎是……
It happened that ... 碰巧……
It have been proved that ... 业已证明……
It is quite certain that I have never seen him before.毫无疑问以前我从来没有见过他｡
It is obvious that the driver couldn’t control his car.很明显,这个驾驶员控制不住他的车｡
3. Strong,proud and united,the people of St Petersburg are the modern heroes of Russia. 强壮､自豪而团结的圣彼得堡人民是俄国现代英雄｡
句中 strong,proud and united是形容词,在句中作状语,表示伴随情况｡形容词作状语用时,具有副词的功能,一般用逗号将其与句子的其余部分隔开｡这种状语可位于句首､句末或句中｡例如:
Crusoe stared at the footprint, full of fear. (= Crusoe stared at it and was full of fear.) 克鲁索两眼死盯着脚印看,内心里充满着恐惧｡
Glad, I sing an English song. (= When I am glad, I sing an English song.) 我高兴的时候,就唱一首英语歌｡
1. include
【用法】 用作动词,意思是“包括;包含”,通常用作及物动词｡例如:
The price includes house and furniture. 这个价格包括房子和里面的家具｡
The plan includes most of your suggestions.这项计划里包括了你们的大部分建议｡
常用现在分词including引出短语,意思是“包括;包含在内”｡例如:
Some of us have been to the Great Wall,including Wei Fang. 我们中有些人到过长城,包括魏芳在内｡
间或也用过去分词形式｡例如:
Everyone laughed,me included. 大家都笑了,包括我在内｡
Six people,including three women,died in the battle. = Six people,three women included,died in the battle.在战斗中有六人牺牲,其中有三位妇女｡
【辨析】 include的名词形式是inclusion;形容词形式是inclusive,注意其后要用of｡例如: The price of the book is ten dollars, inclusive of postage. (书价10美元,其中包括邮寄费｡)include的反义词是exclucle｡
【辨析】 include与contain
include表“包含”时,侧重于指被包含者是整体的一部分,这一部分的性质与其他部分一致;而contain侧重指被包含者是某物的构成成分,这一成分的性质与其他成分不一致;在指容器内装着某物时常用contain｡例如:
The tour included a visit to the Science Museum.旅游项目中包括参观科学博物馆｡
The price includes both the house and furniture. 这个价格包括房子和家具｡
Sea water contains salt.海水中含有盐｡
What does that box contain?那个盒子里装着什么?
2. ruin
【用法】 用作及物动词,意思是“使毁坏;使毁灭”｡例如:
The fire ruined the house.大火烧毁了房屋｡
The earthquake in 1976 ruined the whole city of Tangshan. 1976年地震毁坏了整个唐山市｡
用作不可数名词,意思是“毁灭;崩溃”｡例如:
The accident brought him to ruin all his life. 这个事故毁灭了他的一生｡
ruin用作不可数名词,还可表示“祸根;衰败的原因”｡例如:
Gambling was his ruin.赌博是他的祸根｡
ruin用作可数名词,表示“倒毁的东西”,可用单数形式,表示“废墟;遗迹”时必须用复数形式｡例如:
The temple is now a ruin.这座寺庙已坍塌了｡
The visitors were struck by the ruins of Rome.参观者被古罗马的遗迹迷住了｡
【搭配】 in ruins 成为废墟;遭到严重破坏 be the ruin of 成为……毁灭的原因bring...to ruin 使破产;使毁灭 come to ruin 毁灭;崩溃 bring ruin to oneself自取灭亡
3. beauty
【用法】 用作不可数名词时,意思是“美;美丽”｡例如:
There is beauty in a fine picture.好画必美｡
The younger of the two noble men was struck by her beauty.两个贵族中年轻的那一个被她的美貌迷住了｡
用作可数名词时,意思是“美人;美好的东西”｡例如:
The young girl standing in the wind is really a beauty. 站在风中的那个女孩真是一个美人儿｡
Flowers are a part of the beauties of nature.花是大自然中美的一部分｡
在口语或非正式场合中,beauty还可表示“极好(坏)的人或物”｡例如:
That apple is a real beauty.那只苹果真好｡
4. portrait
【用法】 名词,意思是“肖像;画像”,通常用作可数名词｡例如:
This is a portrait of mine.这是我的一帧肖像｡
A portrait of his wife hung over the fireplace.他妻子的画像挂在壁炉的上方｡
【辨析】 portrait“肖像;画像”,尤其指侧身面部的相片,也可指生动的人物描写或刻画; picture 指广义的“图画;照片”;painting 指着色的“画”;drawing 指“钢笔或铅笔线条画;素描”｡
5. breath
【用法】 名词,意思是“呼吸;气息”｡例如:
He ran upstairs out of breath. 他上气不接下气地跑上楼来｡
When he saw the 1ion,he held his breath.当他看到狮子时,他屏住了呼吸｡
breath的动词形式是breathe｡
【搭配】 draw a breath 吸气hold one’s breath 不出声;屏息 short of breath 呼吸短促 lose one’s breath 喘不过气来 out of breath 上气不接下气
6. 1imit
【用法】 用作名词时,意思是“界限;限度”｡例如:
Don’t exceed the speed limit.不要超速｡
There is a limit to what I can do for you.我能为你所做的事是有限的｡
用作动词时,意思是“限制;限定”｡例如;
Our holidays are limited to two weeks a year.我们的假期限定为每年两周｡
Your family is not very rich,so you ought to limit spending.你家并不富有,因此你应该限制开销｡
【搭配】 within limits 有限度的;在一定的范围内
二､ 短语突破
1. more than超过;不仅仅是
More than seventy percent of the surface of the earth is covered by water. 地球上70%以上的表面为水所覆盖｡
There are more than sixty students in our class.我班有六十多名学生｡
Hibernation is more than sleep. 冬眠不仅仅是睡觉｡
【拓展】 more than 后接形容词时,相当于very, much;接动词时,意思为“非常; 极其”｡例如:
This new dictionary is more than useful to me. 这本新词典对我来说非常有用｡
He more than hesitated to promise it. 答应这件事,他是非常犹豫的｡
2. bring ... back to life使……复活(苏醒)
The trees and flowers bring the city back to life.树木和鲜花使这座城市恢复了生机｡
【拓展】 bring ... to life 使……复活(苏醒);使活跃起来 come to life复活,复苏
to the life逼真;栩栩如生
3. at least至少;起码,与 at most 意义相反｡
He is at least twenty.他至少二十岁｡(他二十多岁了｡)
He is at most twenty. 他至多二十岁｡(他不到二十岁｡)
4. give up放弃(念头､希望等);献出(生命等);认输;让出
He has given up smoking. 他戒烟了｡
He gave up teaching only two years ago. 两年前他才离开教学工作的｡
He has given up his job. 他辞去了工作｡
We mustn’t give up studying foreign languages for even a day. 我们学习外语一天也不要中断｡
She gave up her seat to an old man. 她把座位让给了一位老人｡
【辨析】 give up和give in的相同点:两词组在意思上都可表示“放弃;让步”,都可用作不及物动词｡不同点:give up 意思是“放弃”,可用作及物动词,后面接名词或动词的
-ing 形式;give in 意思是“屈服,投降”,只用作不及物动词,不能带宾语｡
He gave in (up) at last 他终于屈服了｡
He gave up smoking. 他戒了烟｡
He gave up this journey. 他放弃了这次旅行｡
5. with the help of 在……的帮助下
With the help of the government,the girl can continue her education. 在政府的帮助下,这个女孩能继续她的学业｡
With the help of the teacher,he made great progress in physics.在老师的帮助下,他在物理方面取得了很大的进步｡
6. the number of……的数目
The number of our school is 3080.我校学生的人数是3080｡
The number of countries in Asia is over 40. 亚洲的国家有四十多个｡
【辨析】 “a number of”的意思是“若干;许多”,相当于 some 或 a lot of,和复数名词连用｡构成名词词组,其中心词为后面的名词,故其做主语时,谓语动词用复数｡必要时,还可以在number前加上形容词great, large, small, good 等;the number of意为“……的数量”,后接复数可数名词,构成名词词组,其中心词为number,故用作主语时,其动词形式是单数｡
三､ 句式解析
1. Where there is a river, there is a city.哪里有河流,哪里就有城市｡
where 是连接副词,引导的地点状语从句含有条件意义,意思是“凡是有……的地方,就有……”｡例如:
Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者事竞成｡
Where there is smoke, there is fire.有烟必有火｡
注意where 既可作连接副词,引导状语从句,也可作关系副词,引导定语从句｡例如:
It is very difficult to live where there is no water. 在没有水的地方生活是十分困难的｡(地点状语从句)
No one likes to live in a place where there is no water. 没有一个人喜欢住在无水的地方｡(定语从句)
2. ..., but it is true that many of the world’s greatest cities have been built on the banks of a river.……,世界上很多大城市建在河岸上,这是真的｡
句中的that many of the world’s greatest cities have been built on the banks of a river是一个主语从句｡在英语中 that 引导的主语从句放在句首,句子常常显得头重脚轻｡因此,常用 it作形式主语,放在句首代替主语从句,而把真正的主语从句放在句尾｡主语从句用 it 作形式主语的情况很多｡常见的固定说法有:
It is a fact that ... 事实是……
It is a good thing that ... ……是好事情
It is good news that ... ……是好消息
It is clear that ... 很清楚……
It is necessary that ... 有必要……
It is important that ... 重要的是……
It is well-known that ... 众所周知……
It is said that ... 据说……
It seems that ... 似乎是……
It happened that ... 碰巧……
It have been proved that ... 业已证明……
It is quite certain that I have never seen him before.毫无疑问以前我从来没有见过他｡
It is obvious that the driver couldn’t control his car.很明显,这个驾驶员控制不住他的车｡
3. Strong,proud and united,the people of St Petersburg are the modern heroes of Russia. 强壮､自豪而团结的圣彼得堡人民是俄国现代英雄｡
句中 strong,proud and united是形容词,在句中作状语,表示伴随情况｡形容词作状语用时,具有副词的功能,一般用逗号将其与句子的其余部分隔开｡这种状语可位于句首､句末或句中｡例如:
Crusoe stared at the footprint, full of fear. (= Crusoe stared at it and was full of fear.) 克鲁索两眼死盯着脚印看,内心里充满着恐惧｡
Glad, I sing an English song. (= When I am glad, I sing an English song.) 我高兴的时候,就唱一首英语歌｡