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Introduction
This article is written to discuss and examine the differences between spoken English and written English. The ideas on the differences are given by Hallidy, Chafe and Tannen. The article Oral and Literate Strategies in Spoken and written Narratives by Deborah Tannen and the book Spoken Language: grammatical Intricacy by Halliday are the two references. Halliday claimed that the written language is a language with a high lexical density and a strong tendency to use the nominal forms and nominal groups. According to Wallace Chafe, the academic writing is characterized by a high degreed of “integration” or compactness, compared with the fragmentation of spoken language, and that it is characterized by “detachment”, a lower degree of involvement, that is, of collaborating with the audience to make sense of a text. Deborah Tannen discussed Chafe’s conclusions and pointed out that integration and fragmentation is a surface feature of linguistic structure; involvement and detachment is a deeper dimension. The analysis would be on nine aspects: lexical density and use of nominal groups, voice of the text, use of active and passive voice, type of used morphology, repetition, subjects of the sentence, average number of words and clauses, cohesive devices, and technical terms. Two texts are used as subjects for study. The first text is in spoken language, and the other is a paraphrase of it.
Analysis
Lexical density and use of nominal groups
This article is written to discuss and examine the differences between spoken English and written English. The ideas on the differences are given by Hallidy, Chafe and Tannen. The article Oral and Literate Strategies in Spoken and written Narratives by Deborah Tannen and the book Spoken Language: grammatical Intricacy by Halliday are the two references. Halliday claimed that the written language is a language with a high lexical density and a strong tendency to use the nominal forms and nominal groups. According to Wallace Chafe, the academic writing is characterized by a high degreed of “integration” or compactness, compared with the fragmentation of spoken language, and that it is characterized by “detachment”, a lower degree of involvement, that is, of collaborating with the audience to make sense of a text. Deborah Tannen discussed Chafe’s conclusions and pointed out that integration and fragmentation is a surface feature of linguistic structure; involvement and detachment is a deeper dimension. The analysis would be on nine aspects: lexical density and use of nominal groups, voice of the text, use of active and passive voice, type of used morphology, repetition, subjects of the sentence, average number of words and clauses, cohesive devices, and technical terms. Two texts are used as subjects for study. The first text is in spoken language, and the other is a paraphrase of it.
Analysis
Lexical density and use of nominal groups