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分词是历届高考的重点和难点。近年来，交际功能在高考英语中日益突出，因此分词的考题也随之而更加灵活。分词有现在分词(ving)和过去分词(ved)。它兼具动词、形容词和副词的性质，在句中可以作定语、表语、状语和补足语。考试重点一般在时态和语态的判断以及作状语和补足语的使用方面。
热点一：分词作定语
【考例分析】
【例1】 （2011年江苏卷）Recently a survey________prices of the same goods in two different supermarkets has caused heated debate among citizens.
A． compared
B． comparing
C． compares
D． being compared
分析：答案B。本题考查非谓语动词。此处是现在分词做定语，修饰前面的主语a survey, 表示主动行为。
【例2】
（2011年山东卷）Look over there theres a very long, winding path________up to the house.
A. leadingB. leads
C. ledD. to lead
分析：答案A。本题考查非谓语动词。此处是现在分词做定语，修饰前面的名词path, 表示主动行为。
【例3】
(2011年高考全国卷)The next thing he saw was smoke________ from behind the house.
A. roseB. rising
C. to riseD. risen
分析：答案B。本题考查非谓语动词做定语。此处“烟从房子后面来”是一种主动行为。所以用ing形式。
【例4】
（2011年福建卷）Tsinghua University,________ in 1911, is home to a great number of outstanding figures.
A. foundB. founding
C. foundedD. to be founded
分析：答案C。本题考查非谓语动词。此处相当于which was founded in 1911.
【热点透视】
现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别主要在于：现在分词表示主动或正在进行的动作，过去分词表示被动或完成的动作；现在分词表示主语的特征，常用于事物，过去分词表示主语的状态，常用于人。例如：
As is known to all, China is a developing country. 众所周知，中国是一个发展中国家。
The boys playing on the playground are my classmates. 操场上玩的孩子是我的同学。
There is almost nothing changed since I left the town two years ago. 从我两年前离开这个镇以来，这里几乎没有什么变化。
The building built last year is our new library. 去年建造的大楼是我们的新图书馆。
热点二：分词作状语
【考例分析】
【例1】 （2011年湖南卷）Do you wake up every morning________energetic and ready to start a new day?
A. feelB. to feel
C. feelingD. felt
分析：答案C。本题考查非谓语动词。此处是现在分词做伴随状语。
【例2】
（2011年辽宁卷）_____around the fire, the tourists danced with the local people.
A. GatherB. To gather
C. GatheringD. To be gathering
分析：答案C. 此处gather这个动作对于主语the tourists来说是主动行为，所以用现在分词。
【例3】 （2011年四川卷）____an important role in a new movie,Andy has got a chance to become famous.
A. OfferB. Offering
C. OfferedD. To offer
分析：答案C。本题考查分词。此处状语动作对于主语来说是一种被动行为，所以用过去分词。表示“被提供”。
【例4】
（2010年江苏卷）The retired man donated most of his savings to the school damaged by the earthquake in Yushu,________ the students to return to their classrooms.
A. enablingB. having enabled
C. to enableD. to have enabled
分析：答案A。本题考查非谓语动词。此处是现在分词做结果状语。
【热点透视】
分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件、结果、让步和方式等情况，一般放在句首和句尾，由逗号分开。在此，如果分词所表示的行为或动作与谓语同时发生用一般式(ving/being +ved前边可以加when, while等连接词)；如果分词所表示的行为或动作发生在谓语之前，则用完成体(having +ved/having been +ved)；如果表示被动或状态则用过去分词(ved)。在正常情况下，分词的逻辑主语就是主句的主语。例如： (While) crossing the street, you should be careful. 过马路的时候，你应该小心。(时间状语)
Not having received the reply, the mother wrote a letter again. 由于长时间没有收到答复，母亲又写了一封信。(原因状语)
Taken in time, the medicine will be quite effective. 吃得及时，这药是很有效的。(条件状语)
He entered the lecture hall, followed by a group of students. 他进入了演讲大厅，后面跟了一群学生。 (伴随状语)
It rained for two weeks, completely ruining our holiday. 雨下了两个星期，把我们的假期都毁了。(结果状语)
He came back, utterly exhausted. 他疲惫不堪地回来了。(方式状语)
注意：过去分词做状语时，过去分词与主句主语构成被动关系。 如：
Seen from the top of the hill, our school looks more beautiful. 从山顶上看，我们的学校看上去更美丽。
The teacher came in, followed by his students. 老师进来了，后面跟着他的学生。
上面提到，在通常情况下，分词的逻辑主语就是主句的主语，否则可能造成"悬垂"现象，引起逻辑混乱。但在有些固定表达法中，是就整个句子而言，可以不受此规则限制。这些固定表达法有：generally speaking(一般地来说), judging from(根据……判断), considering(考虑到), providing(如果) supposing(假设), taking...into consideration(把……考虑进去)。例如：
Generally speaking, fish can not live without water. 一般来说，鱼儿离不开水。
Considering everything, it wasnt a bad suggestion.
=Everything considered, it wasnt a bad suggestion. 从各方面考虑，这个建议不错。
热点三：分词作补语
【考例分析】
【例1】 （2011年陕西卷）Claire had luggage________an hour befor her plane left.
A. checkB. checking
C. to checkD. checked
分析：答案D。本题考查非谓语动词。此处是过去分词做宾语补足语。结构为have something done。
【例2】
（2011年重庆卷）Michael put up a picture of Yao Ming beside the bed to keep himself________of his own dreams.
A. remindingB. to remind
C. remindedD. renmind
分析：答案C。本题考查非谓语动词。此处keep himself reminded，意思是“使得自己被提醒”。
【热点透视】
1. 现在分词作补足语，表示正在进行的或主动的动作。只有两类动词可以加Ving作宾补
（1） 感官动词：see, hear, watch, feel, notice, observe, keep, find, listen to, look at
（2） 使役动词：have, get, catch, leave, set
值得注意的是：要想用Ving来作宾补, 只能是用于这些词后, 但是并不代表这些动词后的宾补形式都要用Ving（有些后面可以加不带to的不定式作宾补）
注意 ：宾语与作宾补的现在分词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系, 即宾语是Ving动作的发出者
Dont have the students studying all day. 不要让学生整天老是学习。
People saw the missing boy playing by the river at last. 人们最终看到失踪的男孩在河边玩耍。
2. 过去分词常用于感官动词，使役动词和表示思维活动，意愿及爱惜的动词之后做宾语补足语。 常用的感官动词有see, hear, notice, watch, keep, find, get, have, feel等。
（1） 表示主语的意志，意思为“让别人做某事”。如：
Our English teacher has just had his hair cut. 我们的英语老师刚理过发。
I had my computer repaired last week. 上周我把电脑修理了。
（2）与主语无关，表示“遭遇某种（不幸的）事情”。 如：
His father had his both legs broken in the car accident. 他父亲在交通事故中双腿受伤。
This school had all his windows broken in the storm. 这家学校的所有窗户在风暴中破碎了。 （3）表示“使完成（解决）某事”，自己也可能组织或参加。 如：
We had all the walls painted last month. 上个月我们把所有的墙都刷了。
You must have the work finished by Sunday. 你必须在星期天前把所有的工作都完成。
热点四：Ving完成式作状语。
【考例分析】
【例1】 （2010年湖南卷）Dina,________ for months to find a job as a waitress, finally took a position at a local advertising agency.
A. strugglingB. struggled
C. having struggledD. to struggle
分析：答案C。本题考查非谓语动词。此处强调状语动作在主语动作之前，所以用完成式。
【例2】
（2009年四川卷）_______ many times, he finally understood it.
A. ToldB. Telling
C. Having toldD. Having been told
分析：答案D。本题考查非谓语动词。此处强调状语动作在主语动作之前，所以用完成式，且要用被动形式。
【热点透视】
Ving分词完成式作状语，表示分词所发生的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，如：
Having finished all the work, he left the office. 完成了所有的工作之后，他离开了办公室。
Having gone over the text. I could finish the exercises easily. 已经把课文复习了，我能轻易地完成作业。
上述两句中，状语的动作都发生在谓语动作之前。
巩固练习
1. Soon they could see the steam________from the wet clothes.
A. riseB. rising
C. risenD. be rising
2. —You were brave enough to cross the street at that moment.
—Well, now I regret________that.
A. to doB. to be doing
C. to have doneD. having done
3. They saw a message pinned to the door 7 “ I will come here again.”
A. readB. reads
C. to readD. reading
4. Dad missed a step and fell,________my new suitcases rolling down the stairs.
A. sendB. to send
C. sendingD. sent
5.________ the bread could take time, I started on it as soon as Doug left for work.
A. KnowingB. Knew
C. KnowD. To know
6. When he saw a________bird in the sky, the man raised his bow at once.
A. flyB. flying
C. flewD. to be flying
7. I was satisfied with the________speech by the famous professor.
A. exciteB. exciting
C. excitedD. be excited
8. —Thank you for the great trouble youve had___________me with my computer work.
—Thats nothing.
A. with helpingB. helping
C. to helpD. to have helped
9. The students from Class 8 were last seen________on the playground.
A. playingB. to be playing
C. playD. to play
10. These naughty boys were________into one room at once.
A. to crowdB. crowding
C. crowdedD. to be crowded
11. Id like to have myself______. I want to lose some weight. A. to be weightedB. be weighed
C. weighedD. weighing
12. There was a terrible noise________the sudden explosion of the bomb.
A. followedB. following
C. to be followedD. being followed
13. The children went home from the school,________all the way.
A. singingB. to sing
C. sangD. sung
14. It is reported that the murderer was________yesterday. And when he found the rope_________on the pole, he was too frightened to move.
A. hung; hanged
B. hung; hanging
C. hanged; hung
D. hanged; being hung
15. She had her money________when she was on her way to school.
A. stolenB. robbed
C. pickedD. chosen
16. —Do you know a boy________Li Ming?
—Sorry. I havent heard of him.
A. callingB. called
C. to be calledD. to call
17. The chairman raised his voice so as to make himself________by all the people present.
A. hearB. hearing
C. be heardD. heard
18. This unforgettable experience made him________the study of English.
A. interest inB. to interest in
C. interesting inD. interested in
19. He managed to make himself________with his________English.
A. understand; breaking
B. understand; broken
C. understood; breaking
D. understood; broken
20. “Dont get________in the rain.” the mother said to the son.
A. to be caughtB. catching
C. to catchD. caught
21. I saw the young man________behind the tree thinking.
A. satB. seated
C. seatingD. seat
22. The old man walked in the street,______.
A. followed by his son
B. followed his son
C. and following his son
D. and followed by his son
23. When_____, ice changes into water.
A. to heatB. heating
C. heatedD. they are heated
24.________ in the fog, we were forced to spend two hours in the woods.
A. To loseB. Losing
C. LostD. Having lost
25. He was sitting there,________in deep thought.
A. loseB. lost
C. to be lostD. losing
26. I listened to the rain,________that he would not come tonight.
A. thoughtB. thinking
C. to thinkD. being thinking
27. The man________in a shop was sent to the police station.
A. who caught stealing
B. to be caught stealing
C. caught stealing
D. caught to steal
28. Though________money, his parents managed to send him to university.
A. lackedB. lacking of
C. lackingD. lacked in
29. The student sent me another Email,________to get further information.
A. hopedB. hoping
C. to hopeD. hope
30. Most of the people________to the party were famous scientists.
A. invitedB. to invite
C. being invitedD. inviting
【案答考参】
1-5 BDDCA 6-10 BBBAC
11-15 CBACA 16-20 BDDDD
21-25 BACCB 26-30 BCCBA
（作者：陈霞，镇江高级中学）
热点一：分词作定语
【考例分析】
【例1】 （2011年江苏卷）Recently a survey________prices of the same goods in two different supermarkets has caused heated debate among citizens.
A． compared
B． comparing
C． compares
D． being compared
分析：答案B。本题考查非谓语动词。此处是现在分词做定语，修饰前面的主语a survey, 表示主动行为。
【例2】
（2011年山东卷）Look over there theres a very long, winding path________up to the house.
A. leadingB. leads
C. ledD. to lead
分析：答案A。本题考查非谓语动词。此处是现在分词做定语，修饰前面的名词path, 表示主动行为。
【例3】
(2011年高考全国卷)The next thing he saw was smoke________ from behind the house.
A. roseB. rising
C. to riseD. risen
分析：答案B。本题考查非谓语动词做定语。此处“烟从房子后面来”是一种主动行为。所以用ing形式。
【例4】
（2011年福建卷）Tsinghua University,________ in 1911, is home to a great number of outstanding figures.
A. foundB. founding
C. foundedD. to be founded
分析：答案C。本题考查非谓语动词。此处相当于which was founded in 1911.
【热点透视】
现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别主要在于：现在分词表示主动或正在进行的动作，过去分词表示被动或完成的动作；现在分词表示主语的特征，常用于事物，过去分词表示主语的状态，常用于人。例如：
As is known to all, China is a developing country. 众所周知，中国是一个发展中国家。
The boys playing on the playground are my classmates. 操场上玩的孩子是我的同学。
There is almost nothing changed since I left the town two years ago. 从我两年前离开这个镇以来，这里几乎没有什么变化。
The building built last year is our new library. 去年建造的大楼是我们的新图书馆。
热点二：分词作状语
【考例分析】
【例1】 （2011年湖南卷）Do you wake up every morning________energetic and ready to start a new day?
A. feelB. to feel
C. feelingD. felt
分析：答案C。本题考查非谓语动词。此处是现在分词做伴随状语。
【例2】
（2011年辽宁卷）_____around the fire, the tourists danced with the local people.
A. GatherB. To gather
C. GatheringD. To be gathering
分析：答案C. 此处gather这个动作对于主语the tourists来说是主动行为，所以用现在分词。
【例3】 （2011年四川卷）____an important role in a new movie,Andy has got a chance to become famous.
A. OfferB. Offering
C. OfferedD. To offer
分析：答案C。本题考查分词。此处状语动作对于主语来说是一种被动行为，所以用过去分词。表示“被提供”。
【例4】
（2010年江苏卷）The retired man donated most of his savings to the school damaged by the earthquake in Yushu,________ the students to return to their classrooms.
A. enablingB. having enabled
C. to enableD. to have enabled
分析：答案A。本题考查非谓语动词。此处是现在分词做结果状语。
【热点透视】
分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件、结果、让步和方式等情况，一般放在句首和句尾，由逗号分开。在此，如果分词所表示的行为或动作与谓语同时发生用一般式(ving/being +ved前边可以加when, while等连接词)；如果分词所表示的行为或动作发生在谓语之前，则用完成体(having +ved/having been +ved)；如果表示被动或状态则用过去分词(ved)。在正常情况下，分词的逻辑主语就是主句的主语。例如： (While) crossing the street, you should be careful. 过马路的时候，你应该小心。(时间状语)
Not having received the reply, the mother wrote a letter again. 由于长时间没有收到答复，母亲又写了一封信。(原因状语)
Taken in time, the medicine will be quite effective. 吃得及时，这药是很有效的。(条件状语)
He entered the lecture hall, followed by a group of students. 他进入了演讲大厅，后面跟了一群学生。 (伴随状语)
It rained for two weeks, completely ruining our holiday. 雨下了两个星期，把我们的假期都毁了。(结果状语)
He came back, utterly exhausted. 他疲惫不堪地回来了。(方式状语)
注意：过去分词做状语时，过去分词与主句主语构成被动关系。 如：
Seen from the top of the hill, our school looks more beautiful. 从山顶上看，我们的学校看上去更美丽。
The teacher came in, followed by his students. 老师进来了，后面跟着他的学生。
上面提到，在通常情况下，分词的逻辑主语就是主句的主语，否则可能造成"悬垂"现象，引起逻辑混乱。但在有些固定表达法中，是就整个句子而言，可以不受此规则限制。这些固定表达法有：generally speaking(一般地来说), judging from(根据……判断), considering(考虑到), providing(如果) supposing(假设), taking...into consideration(把……考虑进去)。例如：
Generally speaking, fish can not live without water. 一般来说，鱼儿离不开水。
Considering everything, it wasnt a bad suggestion.
=Everything considered, it wasnt a bad suggestion. 从各方面考虑，这个建议不错。
热点三：分词作补语
【考例分析】
【例1】 （2011年陕西卷）Claire had luggage________an hour befor her plane left.
A. checkB. checking
C. to checkD. checked
分析：答案D。本题考查非谓语动词。此处是过去分词做宾语补足语。结构为have something done。
【例2】
（2011年重庆卷）Michael put up a picture of Yao Ming beside the bed to keep himself________of his own dreams.
A. remindingB. to remind
C. remindedD. renmind
分析：答案C。本题考查非谓语动词。此处keep himself reminded，意思是“使得自己被提醒”。
【热点透视】
1. 现在分词作补足语，表示正在进行的或主动的动作。只有两类动词可以加Ving作宾补
（1） 感官动词：see, hear, watch, feel, notice, observe, keep, find, listen to, look at
（2） 使役动词：have, get, catch, leave, set
值得注意的是：要想用Ving来作宾补, 只能是用于这些词后, 但是并不代表这些动词后的宾补形式都要用Ving（有些后面可以加不带to的不定式作宾补）
注意 ：宾语与作宾补的现在分词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系, 即宾语是Ving动作的发出者
Dont have the students studying all day. 不要让学生整天老是学习。
People saw the missing boy playing by the river at last. 人们最终看到失踪的男孩在河边玩耍。
2. 过去分词常用于感官动词，使役动词和表示思维活动，意愿及爱惜的动词之后做宾语补足语。 常用的感官动词有see, hear, notice, watch, keep, find, get, have, feel等。
（1） 表示主语的意志，意思为“让别人做某事”。如：
Our English teacher has just had his hair cut. 我们的英语老师刚理过发。
I had my computer repaired last week. 上周我把电脑修理了。
（2）与主语无关，表示“遭遇某种（不幸的）事情”。 如：
His father had his both legs broken in the car accident. 他父亲在交通事故中双腿受伤。
This school had all his windows broken in the storm. 这家学校的所有窗户在风暴中破碎了。 （3）表示“使完成（解决）某事”，自己也可能组织或参加。 如：
We had all the walls painted last month. 上个月我们把所有的墙都刷了。
You must have the work finished by Sunday. 你必须在星期天前把所有的工作都完成。
热点四：Ving完成式作状语。
【考例分析】
【例1】 （2010年湖南卷）Dina,________ for months to find a job as a waitress, finally took a position at a local advertising agency.
A. strugglingB. struggled
C. having struggledD. to struggle
分析：答案C。本题考查非谓语动词。此处强调状语动作在主语动作之前，所以用完成式。
【例2】
（2009年四川卷）_______ many times, he finally understood it.
A. ToldB. Telling
C. Having toldD. Having been told
分析：答案D。本题考查非谓语动词。此处强调状语动作在主语动作之前，所以用完成式，且要用被动形式。
【热点透视】
Ving分词完成式作状语，表示分词所发生的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，如：
Having finished all the work, he left the office. 完成了所有的工作之后，他离开了办公室。
Having gone over the text. I could finish the exercises easily. 已经把课文复习了，我能轻易地完成作业。
上述两句中，状语的动作都发生在谓语动作之前。
巩固练习
1. Soon they could see the steam________from the wet clothes.
A. riseB. rising
C. risenD. be rising
2. —You were brave enough to cross the street at that moment.
—Well, now I regret________that.
A. to doB. to be doing
C. to have doneD. having done
3. They saw a message pinned to the door 7 “ I will come here again.”
A. readB. reads
C. to readD. reading
4. Dad missed a step and fell,________my new suitcases rolling down the stairs.
A. sendB. to send
C. sendingD. sent
5.________ the bread could take time, I started on it as soon as Doug left for work.
A. KnowingB. Knew
C. KnowD. To know
6. When he saw a________bird in the sky, the man raised his bow at once.
A. flyB. flying
C. flewD. to be flying
7. I was satisfied with the________speech by the famous professor.
A. exciteB. exciting
C. excitedD. be excited
8. —Thank you for the great trouble youve had___________me with my computer work.
—Thats nothing.
A. with helpingB. helping
C. to helpD. to have helped
9. The students from Class 8 were last seen________on the playground.
A. playingB. to be playing
C. playD. to play
10. These naughty boys were________into one room at once.
A. to crowdB. crowding
C. crowdedD. to be crowded
11. Id like to have myself______. I want to lose some weight. A. to be weightedB. be weighed
C. weighedD. weighing
12. There was a terrible noise________the sudden explosion of the bomb.
A. followedB. following
C. to be followedD. being followed
13. The children went home from the school,________all the way.
A. singingB. to sing
C. sangD. sung
14. It is reported that the murderer was________yesterday. And when he found the rope_________on the pole, he was too frightened to move.
A. hung; hanged
B. hung; hanging
C. hanged; hung
D. hanged; being hung
15. She had her money________when she was on her way to school.
A. stolenB. robbed
C. pickedD. chosen
16. —Do you know a boy________Li Ming?
—Sorry. I havent heard of him.
A. callingB. called
C. to be calledD. to call
17. The chairman raised his voice so as to make himself________by all the people present.
A. hearB. hearing
C. be heardD. heard
18. This unforgettable experience made him________the study of English.
A. interest inB. to interest in
C. interesting inD. interested in
19. He managed to make himself________with his________English.
A. understand; breaking
B. understand; broken
C. understood; breaking
D. understood; broken
20. “Dont get________in the rain.” the mother said to the son.
A. to be caughtB. catching
C. to catchD. caught
21. I saw the young man________behind the tree thinking.
A. satB. seated
C. seatingD. seat
22. The old man walked in the street,______.
A. followed by his son
B. followed his son
C. and following his son
D. and followed by his son
23. When_____, ice changes into water.
A. to heatB. heating
C. heatedD. they are heated
24.________ in the fog, we were forced to spend two hours in the woods.
A. To loseB. Losing
C. LostD. Having lost
25. He was sitting there,________in deep thought.
A. loseB. lost
C. to be lostD. losing
26. I listened to the rain,________that he would not come tonight.
A. thoughtB. thinking
C. to thinkD. being thinking
27. The man________in a shop was sent to the police station.
A. who caught stealing
B. to be caught stealing
C. caught stealing
D. caught to steal
28. Though________money, his parents managed to send him to university.
A. lackedB. lacking of
C. lackingD. lacked in
29. The student sent me another Email,________to get further information.
A. hopedB. hoping
C. to hopeD. hope
30. Most of the people________to the party were famous scientists.
A. invitedB. to invite
C. being invitedD. inviting
【案答考参】
1-5 BDDCA 6-10 BBBAC
11-15 CBACA 16-20 BDDDD
21-25 BACCB 26-30 BCCBA
（作者：陈霞，镇江高级中学）