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谈及关联词，不妨从高考写作评分标准说起：“能有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，全篇文章结构紧凑，思维清晰。”这样简单明了的一句话，却告诉了我们一个最重要的信息：原来学习英语语言，最重要且最高的层面是语篇，无论听力，完形，阅读，写作，语篇无处不在。那何谓语篇呢？语篇是由一组组连接的句子和语段所串联而成的语言整体。高质量的语篇，都有一个特性，那就是完美地使用了各种连接词。反之，没有连接词的语篇，犹如一盘散沙，东一榔头西一棒，让听者或读者看到的只是独立的句子个体，不知作者所言要点，看不清其中的关联，更别提抓取文章主题去加以理解和应用了。在做高考各项题型时，如果对关联词语有了较好的掌握，考生就能快速有效地抓住关键句并予以突破。在书面表达中，如能恰当地使用各类关联词，那么文章有如行云流水般流畅， 在阅卷老师眼里自然也是锦上添花。关联词分类不同所表示的句子关系也不近相同。中学阶段，学生应该掌握的关联词可以简单归纳为如下几类：
第一类：表示时间的连接词：to begin with， to start with， at first， in the beginning， for the first time， next， then， later， in the end， finally， after a while， since then， meanwhile / at the same time， immediately， suddenly， all of a sudden， now / at present， soon， soon after that， afterwards， up to now， before long， from then on， sooner or later等。如以下书面表达部分范文：
Your problem is a common one among middle school students. Maybe the following advice can help you. First of all， believe in yourself. Your greatest problem is that you lack selfconfidence. The first thing you must do is to smile at your classmates. Next， try talking with a student who is as shy as yourself or who shares the same interest as you. Finally， if anyone is in trouble in life or study， you should be ready to help him or her. Once you have confidence， you can make as many friends as possible.
第二类：表目的的连接词：in order to， so as to， so that， in order that， in case等。
如： be admitted into the college， he had to work hard at all subjects.
A. Now thatB. In order to
C. Only ifD. So that
答案B。now that既然，in order to为了，only if只要，so that以便，位置应放在句中。这里是in order to引导目的状语从句。句意：为了被录取进大学，他得努力学习所有的课程。根据句意应选B。
第三类：表因果关系的连接词：because， as， since， for， thanks to， due to， owing to， so， thus， therefore， as a result （of）， as a consequence （of）， one reason is that...， another reason is that...等。
如：Now people are more aware of the significance of the sustainable development. ， renewable energy has become their favorite choice in their daily life.
A. Still B. However
C. Therefore D. Furthermore
答案C。本题考查的连词都是常见的连词。still尽管如此（强调让步关系）；however然而；therefore 因此（通常以逗号隔开，接结果状语从句）；furthermore 此外，而且（表示递进）。句意：现在人们较以往更注重可持续发展的重要性，因此，可再生能源成为他们日常生活中最偏爱的选择。上下文之间是因果关系。故选C。
第四类：表让步关系的连接词：while （放于句首）， as （倒装）， though， although， even if / though， whether... or...， who （what， when，）ever / no matter who （what， when）等。
如： scientists have learned a lot about the universe， there is much we still dont know. （2015年安徽）
A. Once B. Since
C. Though D. Unless 答案C。本题考查的是状语从句的连词辨析。though尽管；once一旦；since自从，既然；unless除非，如果……不……；句意：虽然科学家已经了解了许多有关宇宙的东西，但是还有很多我们不知道的。根据句意可知上下文之间存在着转折关系，所以使用though表示让步和转折。故C正确。
第五类：表条件关系的连接词：if， unless， as / so long as， on condition that， suppose / supposing， provided that等。
如：Ones life has value one brings value to the life of others. （2012江苏）
A. so that B. no matter how
C. as long as D. except that
答案C。本题考查状语从句。题干意为：只要一个人给其他人的生活带来价值，他的生命就有价值。so that以便；no matter how无论如何；except that除了；所填词引导条件状语从句，意思是“只要”，故选C。
第六类：表并列关系的连接词：and， or， as well as， both... and...， neither... nor...， not only... but also...， either... or...， not... but...等。
如： you must improve your work we shall dismiss you.
A. Either； orB. Neither； nor
C. Both； andD. Not； but
答案A。本题考查的是并列连词中的选择关系。句意为：要么你必须好好干，要么我们就辞退你。故A正确。
第七类：表递进关系的连接词：on top of that， whats more / furthermore / moreover / in addition / besides， whats worse / to make matters worse / worse still， on the one hand...， on the other （hand）...等。
如：He lost his wallet on the way to school. this， he was late and blamed by his teacher.
A. Because ofB. As a result of
C. On account ofD. On top of
答案D。本题考查的是介词短语辨析。A，B和C项均有“因为”之意，列举原因；D.“除此之外”属于递进关系的过渡性词语。句意：他在上学路上丢了钱包，除此之外，他迟到了并被老师责备了。根据句意说明这是一件事情的连锁反应，表递进，所以D项符合题意。
第八类：表转折对比关系的连接词：but， yet， however， while， nevertheless， whereas， on the contrary等。
如：Brown said he was by no means annoyed； ， he had a wonderful time.（2012年 江西）
A. Above allB. Whats more
C. As a resultD. On the contrary
答案D。根据句意，前后两句话为两种情况的对比：布朗说他一点也不生气，相反，他玩得很愉快！on the contrary“相反”故选D。
第九类：表列举事实的连接词：for example / instance， like， such as， take... for example， that is to say， as follows， in other words等。
如：A wellwritten essay should be unified， in other words， everything in it should be related to its main idea. （对句中的所述内容作解释）
一篇好的文章应当是一个完整的统一体，换句话说，文章里的一切内容都与主题思想有关。
第十类：表示总结的过渡性词语：in short， in brief， in a word， on the whole， in general， generally speaking， to conclude， to sum up， all in all， in general等。
如：总的来说，美国正处在一个强有力的位置，并且还在奋力前行。
To sum up， the United States is moving forward from a position of strength.
总而言之，青年人应该向前看而不是对过去一直留恋。
All in all， young people should be forwardlooking rather than the other way round.
牛刀小试
1. —Its a long time I saw you last.
—Yes， and what a pity that it will be a long time we see each other again. A. before； since B. since； when
C. since； beforeD. when； before
2. Much the young couple needed money to make the payment for the apartment， they wouldnt ask their parents for help.
A. althoughB. as
C. even ifD. while
3. I would appreciate it you can help me with my English this afternoon.
A. because B. until
C. when D. if
4. ， Jack can never catch up with Tom in the study of English.
A. However he tries hard
B. No matter how hard he tries
C. No matter how he tries hard
D. As hard he tries
5. has taken part in the Athens Olympic Games is worth praising no matter he has won medals or not.
A. Who； if B. Anyone； whether
C. Whoever； whether D. Whoever； how
6. we have achieved great success， we have no reason to be proud.
A. SinceB. Even if
C. Now that D. Even that
7. your essay carefully before you hand it in， some mistakes can surely be avoided， I think.
A. Having checkedB. Check
C. As long as you check D. While checking
8. he has limited technical knowledge， the old worker has a lot of experience.
A. Since B. Unless
C. As D. Although
9. I have got no interest in it； ， I have lots of work to do.
A. otherwise B. besides
C. however D. therefore
10. you go on trying， you will succeed some day.
A. As soon asB. As far as
C. As long as D. As well as
11. I couldnt afford to rent a house like this， buy it.
A. no longer B. no more than
C. let alone D. instead
12. —You dont seem to be quite yourself today. Whats wrong？
—Oh， Im suffering from a cold. Nothing serious， .
A. though B. yet
C. indeedD. anyway
13. Professor Hawking stepped into the office， I knew that there was no hope.
A. Unless B. Now that
C. AlthoughD. The moment
14. She informed her husband she arrived home.
A. as long as B. as soon as
C. after D. what
15. I had left when the quarrel started.
A. hardlyB. soon
C. because D. after
16. It must be very late， and I claim it the streets are quite deserted.
A. becauseB. so
C. what D. when
17. he sat up all night with the patient， the doctor looks tired and sleepy.
A. But B. however
C. Because D. After
18. I cant tell you what he looks like I have never met him.
A. forB. however
C. but D. when
19. The teacher is very strict with us， simply he wants us to make rapid progress.
A. sinceB. because
C. as D. when
20. I was writing a letter the telephone rang.
A. whileB. as
C. when D. though
参考答案
1—5 CBDBC 6—10 BCDBC 11—15 CADBA 16—20 ACABC
（作者：姜晨露，海安县曲塘中学）
第一类：表示时间的连接词：to begin with， to start with， at first， in the beginning， for the first time， next， then， later， in the end， finally， after a while， since then， meanwhile / at the same time， immediately， suddenly， all of a sudden， now / at present， soon， soon after that， afterwards， up to now， before long， from then on， sooner or later等。如以下书面表达部分范文：
Your problem is a common one among middle school students. Maybe the following advice can help you. First of all， believe in yourself. Your greatest problem is that you lack selfconfidence. The first thing you must do is to smile at your classmates. Next， try talking with a student who is as shy as yourself or who shares the same interest as you. Finally， if anyone is in trouble in life or study， you should be ready to help him or her. Once you have confidence， you can make as many friends as possible.
第二类：表目的的连接词：in order to， so as to， so that， in order that， in case等。
如： be admitted into the college， he had to work hard at all subjects.
A. Now thatB. In order to
C. Only ifD. So that
答案B。now that既然，in order to为了，only if只要，so that以便，位置应放在句中。这里是in order to引导目的状语从句。句意：为了被录取进大学，他得努力学习所有的课程。根据句意应选B。
第三类：表因果关系的连接词：because， as， since， for， thanks to， due to， owing to， so， thus， therefore， as a result （of）， as a consequence （of）， one reason is that...， another reason is that...等。
如：Now people are more aware of the significance of the sustainable development. ， renewable energy has become their favorite choice in their daily life.
A. Still B. However
C. Therefore D. Furthermore
答案C。本题考查的连词都是常见的连词。still尽管如此（强调让步关系）；however然而；therefore 因此（通常以逗号隔开，接结果状语从句）；furthermore 此外，而且（表示递进）。句意：现在人们较以往更注重可持续发展的重要性，因此，可再生能源成为他们日常生活中最偏爱的选择。上下文之间是因果关系。故选C。
第四类：表让步关系的连接词：while （放于句首）， as （倒装）， though， although， even if / though， whether... or...， who （what， when，）ever / no matter who （what， when）等。
如： scientists have learned a lot about the universe， there is much we still dont know. （2015年安徽）
A. Once B. Since
C. Though D. Unless 答案C。本题考查的是状语从句的连词辨析。though尽管；once一旦；since自从，既然；unless除非，如果……不……；句意：虽然科学家已经了解了许多有关宇宙的东西，但是还有很多我们不知道的。根据句意可知上下文之间存在着转折关系，所以使用though表示让步和转折。故C正确。
第五类：表条件关系的连接词：if， unless， as / so long as， on condition that， suppose / supposing， provided that等。
如：Ones life has value one brings value to the life of others. （2012江苏）
A. so that B. no matter how
C. as long as D. except that
答案C。本题考查状语从句。题干意为：只要一个人给其他人的生活带来价值，他的生命就有价值。so that以便；no matter how无论如何；except that除了；所填词引导条件状语从句，意思是“只要”，故选C。
第六类：表并列关系的连接词：and， or， as well as， both... and...， neither... nor...， not only... but also...， either... or...， not... but...等。
如： you must improve your work we shall dismiss you.
A. Either； orB. Neither； nor
C. Both； andD. Not； but
答案A。本题考查的是并列连词中的选择关系。句意为：要么你必须好好干，要么我们就辞退你。故A正确。
第七类：表递进关系的连接词：on top of that， whats more / furthermore / moreover / in addition / besides， whats worse / to make matters worse / worse still， on the one hand...， on the other （hand）...等。
如：He lost his wallet on the way to school. this， he was late and blamed by his teacher.
A. Because ofB. As a result of
C. On account ofD. On top of
答案D。本题考查的是介词短语辨析。A，B和C项均有“因为”之意，列举原因；D.“除此之外”属于递进关系的过渡性词语。句意：他在上学路上丢了钱包，除此之外，他迟到了并被老师责备了。根据句意说明这是一件事情的连锁反应，表递进，所以D项符合题意。
第八类：表转折对比关系的连接词：but， yet， however， while， nevertheless， whereas， on the contrary等。
如：Brown said he was by no means annoyed； ， he had a wonderful time.（2012年 江西）
A. Above allB. Whats more
C. As a resultD. On the contrary
答案D。根据句意，前后两句话为两种情况的对比：布朗说他一点也不生气，相反，他玩得很愉快！on the contrary“相反”故选D。
第九类：表列举事实的连接词：for example / instance， like， such as， take... for example， that is to say， as follows， in other words等。
如：A wellwritten essay should be unified， in other words， everything in it should be related to its main idea. （对句中的所述内容作解释）
一篇好的文章应当是一个完整的统一体，换句话说，文章里的一切内容都与主题思想有关。
第十类：表示总结的过渡性词语：in short， in brief， in a word， on the whole， in general， generally speaking， to conclude， to sum up， all in all， in general等。
如：总的来说，美国正处在一个强有力的位置，并且还在奋力前行。
To sum up， the United States is moving forward from a position of strength.
总而言之，青年人应该向前看而不是对过去一直留恋。
All in all， young people should be forwardlooking rather than the other way round.
牛刀小试
1. —Its a long time I saw you last.
—Yes， and what a pity that it will be a long time we see each other again. A. before； since B. since； when
C. since； beforeD. when； before
2. Much the young couple needed money to make the payment for the apartment， they wouldnt ask their parents for help.
A. althoughB. as
C. even ifD. while
3. I would appreciate it you can help me with my English this afternoon.
A. because B. until
C. when D. if
4. ， Jack can never catch up with Tom in the study of English.
A. However he tries hard
B. No matter how hard he tries
C. No matter how he tries hard
D. As hard he tries
5. has taken part in the Athens Olympic Games is worth praising no matter he has won medals or not.
A. Who； if B. Anyone； whether
C. Whoever； whether D. Whoever； how
6. we have achieved great success， we have no reason to be proud.
A. SinceB. Even if
C. Now that D. Even that
7. your essay carefully before you hand it in， some mistakes can surely be avoided， I think.
A. Having checkedB. Check
C. As long as you check D. While checking
8. he has limited technical knowledge， the old worker has a lot of experience.
A. Since B. Unless
C. As D. Although
9. I have got no interest in it； ， I have lots of work to do.
A. otherwise B. besides
C. however D. therefore
10. you go on trying， you will succeed some day.
A. As soon asB. As far as
C. As long as D. As well as
11. I couldnt afford to rent a house like this， buy it.
A. no longer B. no more than
C. let alone D. instead
12. —You dont seem to be quite yourself today. Whats wrong？
—Oh， Im suffering from a cold. Nothing serious， .
A. though B. yet
C. indeedD. anyway
13. Professor Hawking stepped into the office， I knew that there was no hope.
A. Unless B. Now that
C. AlthoughD. The moment
14. She informed her husband she arrived home.
A. as long as B. as soon as
C. after D. what
15. I had left when the quarrel started.
A. hardlyB. soon
C. because D. after
16. It must be very late， and I claim it the streets are quite deserted.
A. becauseB. so
C. what D. when
17. he sat up all night with the patient， the doctor looks tired and sleepy.
A. But B. however
C. Because D. After
18. I cant tell you what he looks like I have never met him.
A. forB. however
C. but D. when
19. The teacher is very strict with us， simply he wants us to make rapid progress.
A. sinceB. because
C. as D. when
20. I was writing a letter the telephone rang.
A. whileB. as
C. when D. though
参考答案
1—5 CBDBC 6—10 BCDBC 11—15 CADBA 16—20 ACABC
（作者：姜晨露，海安县曲塘中学）