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近年来,随着气候变化影响的不断加剧,农业发展也正承受着强大的生态环境压力的胁迫,严重威胁到粮食安全及农业的可持续发展。当今农业依托现代化生产技术虽在短期内可以有效降低甚至避免环境胁迫对农业生产的限制和影响,但是,从长期及系统角度考虑也给农业生态系统带来了许多生态危机。为实现农业可持续发展,环境胁迫应对措施必须充分考虑生态保护这一重要前提。农业文化遗产地的传统农业系统依托其独特的农业系统结构,包括土地利用方式、水利设施、传统作物等,较好实现了农业系统与当地自然条件尤其是胁迫因子之间的匹配。基于灾害系统理论,对比分析了农业文化遗产地农业系统及普通农业系统的环境胁迫应对措施。敖汉旱作农业系统(2012年被联合国粮农组织列为全球重要农业文化遗产)的种植结构以与当地水分条件匹配较好的谷黍等耐旱型作物为主,通过降低承灾体(农作物)的脆弱性,较好地在承灾体一环实现了防灾减灾的目的,实现了干旱半干旱地区农业生产与缺水环境的共存。云南红河哈尼稻作梯田系统(2010年被联合国粮农组织列为全球重要农业文化遗产)依托于独特的水土利用方式和林—寨—田—河垂直分布的景观格局,通过重塑孕灾环境,有效避免了旱灾的发生。此外,农业文化遗产地传统农业系统凭借丰富的田间作物多样性、遗产地品牌效应及农业景观资源等,极大地提升了农业系统的经济价值,进而削弱了灾害对生产生活的影响。通过对比分析可见,传统农业系统的胁迫因子应对措施充分考虑了系统的自然调节和自发性,既可较好地避免灾害的发生,又保证了系统生态安全,是立足生态保护基础上实现农业可持续发展的典范。
In recent years, with the increasing impact of climate change, agricultural development is also under the pressure of a strong ecological environment, threatening the sustainable development of food security and agriculture. Although today’s agricultural relies on modern production technology can effectively reduce or even avoid the limitation and impact of environmental coercion on agricultural production in the short term, it also brings about many ecological crises to the agro-ecosystem in the long term and systematically. In order to realize the sustainable development of agriculture, the countermeasures of environmental coercion must fully consider the important premise of ecological protection. The traditional agricultural system of agricultural heritage site relies on its unique agricultural system structure, including land use patterns, water conservancy facilities and traditional crops, to better match the agricultural system with local natural conditions, especially the coercive factors. Based on the theory of disaster system, this paper comparatively analyzes the environmental stress response measures of agro-cultural heritage agricultural system and ordinary agricultural system. The planting structure of Aohan’s dry farming system (listed by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization as a global important agricultural cultural heritage in 2012) is dominated by drought-tolerant crops such as grain millet, which is well matched to the local water conditions. ), And achieved the purpose of disaster prevention and reduction well in the area of disaster-bearing body and realized the co-existence of agricultural production and water-shortage environment in arid and semi-arid areas. Based on the unique landscape pattern of water and land use and forest-walled-field-river vertical distribution, Yunnan Honghe Hani Rice Terraced System (listed by UN Food and Agriculture Organization in 2010 as the world’s major agricultural cultural heritage) Effectively prevent the occurrence of drought. In addition, the traditional agricultural system of agricultural heritage sites has greatly enhanced the economic value of agricultural systems by virtue of abundant field crop diversity, heritage brand effects and agricultural landscape resources, thereby undermining the impact of disasters on production and living. Through the comparative analysis, it can be seen that the response measures to the stress factors of traditional agricultural systems take full account of the natural regulation and spontaneity of the system, which can not only avoid the occurrence of disasters but also ensure the ecological security of the system, which is based on the ecological protection A model of sustainable development.