史华慈认为:雅各宾—列宁主义,作为卢梭思想中的特殊阐释和发展,与民族—国家时代中之现代化窘境之间有深刻的关系。无论在工业革命,前现代化或后现代化时代,文明都赋予全人类的政治哲学以全新意义。当我们以内向型文明为视角,理解文明所带来的政治哲学论辩,可以发现当前社会中与现代性紧张角力的诸多分支与论辩的丰富过程。 Schweitzer argues that Jacobin-Leninism, as a special interpretation and development in Rousseau’s thought, has a profound relationship with the modernized dilemma in the nation-state era. No matter in the era of industrial revolution, pre-modernization or post-modernization, civilization gives new meaning to the political philosophy of all mankind. When we take an inward-looking civilization as the angle of view and understand the political and philosophical arguments brought by civilization, we can find out the rich process of many branches and debates in the present society where there is tension with modernity.