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反义疑问句又叫附加疑问句,表示说话者对某事有一定看法,但不完全确定,需要对方加以证实。初中教学中只要让学生熟悉两种句式结构,把握主语、谓语动词形式、肯定和否定三个方面的一致,以及几种特殊句式的固定用法,就能化难为易,使学生既牢固掌握基础知识,又能从一般规律中把握特殊性,大大提高教学效率。
1. 两种句式
(1) 肯定陈述句+否定的简略问句;(2) 否定陈述句+肯定的简略问句。两个分句之间用逗号隔开,句末用问号,反义部分否定时,助动词、系动词或情态动词必须与not缩写。
2. 三个一致
2.1主语一致
简略问句的主语必须与陈述句主语相一致,当陈述句主语是名词或指示代词时,反义部分必须用与其相一致的人称代词的主格。例如:
The government is asked to improve school bus safety, ? 【山东东营)
A. didn’t it B. hasn’t it
C. isn’t it D. did it 【C】
需要注意下列情况:
⑴ 当陈述句主语为everything, something ,anything, nothing时,反义疑问句主语用it; 当陈述句主语为everybody ,everyone ,somebody, someone, anybody , anyone, nobody, no one ,none, neither 时,反义疑问句主语用they或he(they表示整体,he表示个体)。例如:Everyone knows their duty, don’t they?
⑵当陈述句主语为从句、不定式(短语)、动名词时,反义疑问句主语用it。例如:What I said is very important to you, isn’t it?
⑶当陈述句主语用both...and..., not only...but also, neither...nor...等连接时,反义疑问句主语用复数代词。例如:Neither I nor he can do it well, can we?
2.2动词一致
当陈述句中含有可以表示疑问的系动词、助动词或情态动词时,反义疑问句部分仍然用该动词,如果没有该类词,则要根据动词形式用do(don’t),dose(doesn’t),did(didn’t)(即系用系反,情用情反,助用助反,原型用do,单三用does,过去式用did)。但需要注意:
⑴当陈述句主谓是I am 时,反义部分用aren’t I,而不能写成am not I。
⑵当陈述部分含有must时,便要分析一下must的含义。
①当 must表示“有必要”时,附加问句通常要用needn’t。
②当must用来表示对现在的情况进行推测时,问句通常要根据must后面的动词采用相应的形式。例如:He must be good at English, isn’t he?
③当mustn’t表示“禁止,不可,不必”时,附加问句通常要用must。例如:You mustn’t play with fire, must you?
⑶ 当陈述句有have /has/had to时,反义部分用助动词do /dose/did的适当形式。例如:We have to finish our homework every day, don’t we?
2.3肯定和否定前后对应一致
一般地,反义疑问句有两种形式,即前肯定后否定,前否定后肯定,但下列情况应注意:
⑴当陈述句中有否定意义的few, little, seldom, hardly, never, neither,nothing, nobody等词时,反义部分须用肯定形式。例如:The children have never done that before, have they?
⑵当陈述句中有加un-, dis-, no-前缀、-less后缀等含有否定意义的词时,当做肯定句处理,反义部分要用否定形式。例如 :—Your brother often dislikes with you, he?
— . We often have different opinions. (江苏无锡)
A. dose,Yes B. doesn’t, Yes
C. does, No D. doesn’t, No 【B】
(3) 反义疑问句的回答与一般疑问句相同,用Yes或No,但在前否定后肯定句式中,要注意意义一致。例如:
—He didn’t go to the concert yesterday, did he?
— . He was busy studying for the tests all day. (湖北黄冈)
A. No, he didn’t B. Yes, he did
C. No, he did D. Yes, he didn’t 【A】
3. 四种特殊句型的反义疑问句
(1) 当陈述句为there be句型时,反义疑问句用be there。但以there 引导的句子谓语动词有时不是be,而是live, come ,stand等动词时,反义问句部分应该用助动词do的适当形式。例如:There isn’t anything wrong with my bike, is there?
(2) 祈使句变反义疑问句。一般地,当陈述句为祈使句时,反义部分用will you /won’t you,但以let’s开头的用shall/shan’t we,而以let us/me开头的用will/won’t you,用来征求对方意见。例如:
—Don’t smoke in the reading room, ?
—Sorry, I won’t do it again. 【四川凉山】
A. will you B. shall we
C. do you 【A】
(3) 并列句变为反义疑问句。当陈述部分为and, or, for, but等并列连词连接的并列句时,反义问句应与邻近的分句相一致。例如:Study hard , or you will fail the exam, won’t you?
(4) 复合句变为反义疑问句。当陈述句为复合句时,反义疑问句一般与主句相一致。例如:You don’t know when he will come, do you?
(作者单位:甘肃省灵台县上良中学)
1. 两种句式
(1) 肯定陈述句+否定的简略问句;(2) 否定陈述句+肯定的简略问句。两个分句之间用逗号隔开,句末用问号,反义部分否定时,助动词、系动词或情态动词必须与not缩写。
2. 三个一致
2.1主语一致
简略问句的主语必须与陈述句主语相一致,当陈述句主语是名词或指示代词时,反义部分必须用与其相一致的人称代词的主格。例如:
The government is asked to improve school bus safety, ? 【山东东营)
A. didn’t it B. hasn’t it
C. isn’t it D. did it 【C】
需要注意下列情况:
⑴ 当陈述句主语为everything, something ,anything, nothing时,反义疑问句主语用it; 当陈述句主语为everybody ,everyone ,somebody, someone, anybody , anyone, nobody, no one ,none, neither 时,反义疑问句主语用they或he(they表示整体,he表示个体)。例如:Everyone knows their duty, don’t they?
⑵当陈述句主语为从句、不定式(短语)、动名词时,反义疑问句主语用it。例如:What I said is very important to you, isn’t it?
⑶当陈述句主语用both...and..., not only...but also, neither...nor...等连接时,反义疑问句主语用复数代词。例如:Neither I nor he can do it well, can we?
2.2动词一致
当陈述句中含有可以表示疑问的系动词、助动词或情态动词时,反义疑问句部分仍然用该动词,如果没有该类词,则要根据动词形式用do(don’t),dose(doesn’t),did(didn’t)(即系用系反,情用情反,助用助反,原型用do,单三用does,过去式用did)。但需要注意:
⑴当陈述句主谓是I am 时,反义部分用aren’t I,而不能写成am not I。
⑵当陈述部分含有must时,便要分析一下must的含义。
①当 must表示“有必要”时,附加问句通常要用needn’t。
②当must用来表示对现在的情况进行推测时,问句通常要根据must后面的动词采用相应的形式。例如:He must be good at English, isn’t he?
③当mustn’t表示“禁止,不可,不必”时,附加问句通常要用must。例如:You mustn’t play with fire, must you?
⑶ 当陈述句有have /has/had to时,反义部分用助动词do /dose/did的适当形式。例如:We have to finish our homework every day, don’t we?
2.3肯定和否定前后对应一致
一般地,反义疑问句有两种形式,即前肯定后否定,前否定后肯定,但下列情况应注意:
⑴当陈述句中有否定意义的few, little, seldom, hardly, never, neither,nothing, nobody等词时,反义部分须用肯定形式。例如:The children have never done that before, have they?
⑵当陈述句中有加un-, dis-, no-前缀、-less后缀等含有否定意义的词时,当做肯定句处理,反义部分要用否定形式。例如 :—Your brother often dislikes with you, he?
— . We often have different opinions. (江苏无锡)
A. dose,Yes B. doesn’t, Yes
C. does, No D. doesn’t, No 【B】
(3) 反义疑问句的回答与一般疑问句相同,用Yes或No,但在前否定后肯定句式中,要注意意义一致。例如:
—He didn’t go to the concert yesterday, did he?
— . He was busy studying for the tests all day. (湖北黄冈)
A. No, he didn’t B. Yes, he did
C. No, he did D. Yes, he didn’t 【A】
3. 四种特殊句型的反义疑问句
(1) 当陈述句为there be句型时,反义疑问句用be there。但以there 引导的句子谓语动词有时不是be,而是live, come ,stand等动词时,反义问句部分应该用助动词do的适当形式。例如:There isn’t anything wrong with my bike, is there?
(2) 祈使句变反义疑问句。一般地,当陈述句为祈使句时,反义部分用will you /won’t you,但以let’s开头的用shall/shan’t we,而以let us/me开头的用will/won’t you,用来征求对方意见。例如:
—Don’t smoke in the reading room, ?
—Sorry, I won’t do it again. 【四川凉山】
A. will you B. shall we
C. do you 【A】
(3) 并列句变为反义疑问句。当陈述部分为and, or, for, but等并列连词连接的并列句时,反义问句应与邻近的分句相一致。例如:Study hard , or you will fail the exam, won’t you?
(4) 复合句变为反义疑问句。当陈述句为复合句时,反义疑问句一般与主句相一致。例如:You don’t know when he will come, do you?
(作者单位:甘肃省灵台县上良中学)