一、引言 在欧洲(尤其是西欧或欧共体)绝大多数国家里,各利益法人之间的经济交往是在各类市场上进行的,参与各方直接承担市场行为的利害结果。实践证明,多数条件下市场能自动实现经济中的平等与效率。 然而,现实中也有一类市场(经济学称其为“不完全市场”),其参与的各方并不总能得到应得的利益,或承担应有的义务;其市场行为(供给与消费)往往使非市场参与者无偿受益或无 I. INTRODUCTION In the vast majority of countries in Europe (especially in Western Europe or the European Community), the economic exchanges among various kinds of legal persons are conducted in all kinds of markets and the parties involved are directly interested in the market behavior. Practice has proved that under most conditions the market can automatically achieve economic equality and efficiency. However, in reality, there is also a category of markets (economics calls them “incomplete markets”), and the parties involved are not always able to receive due benefits or assume due obligations; their market behavior (supply and consumption Often, non-market participants benefit at no cost