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【疑难困惑】
在写图画作文时学生通常存在以下问题:
1. 审图问题:抓不住图画要点,很多学生往往“捡了芝麻,丢了西瓜”。鉴于此,动笔之前一定要对所呈现的图画有一个整体把握,确定好写作的关键点。
2. 构思问题:根据审图时确定的关键点,根据全文的字数要求,初步确定每一幅图画的句子分布,将图画转变为写作要点。对图画的处理要把握好主次,注意图片间的衔接。
【文体特点】
图画作文是近年来高考英语书面表达的常见形式之一。可以说,只要有书面表达的存在,就有图画作文的存在,原因在于看图作文既考查了在特定情景中学生的观察能力和组织能力,同时也为不同层次的学生提供了一个相对自由的表达空间,有利于高校选拔人才。图画或以动态方式(侧重多个动作的表述),或以静态方式(侧重于对图画本身状态的描述)呈现。该类文体在选材上往往贴近学生生活,易于表达,事件本身往往在学生身边已发生或即将发生。
【技巧点拨】
根据《英语课程标准》(实验)及“考试大纲”对语言输出的新要求,笔者结合学生高中阶段英语写作的实际,总结出写好“图画作文”的关键在于落实好“四化”及“四性”。 一、“四化”原则:图形要点化、要点短语化、短语句子化及句子短文化
1. 图形要点化
这是写好图画作文的基础。考生要仔细阅读提示信息,抓住每幅图画的要点和特征,确定写作重点,同时从整体上把握图画间的联系。
2. 要点短语化
在把握要点的基础上,考生使用作文语篇要求的正确时态将上述要点用正确的动词短语列出,若为及物动词或短语则需带上相应的宾语。
3. 短语句子化
在动词短语基础上再对信息进行加工、整合,加上其它必要的句子成分如主语、状语等,此时应充分运用一些较高级别的表达形式(如复合句、非谓语动词、with复合结构、感叹句、强调句型等)以提高作文的可读性及赏析性。
4. 句子短文化
在完成了上述步骤后,考生需要从整体上把握文章,抓住英语文章的写作特点连句成篇。这时要从语篇的角度来审视短文:语篇应具有较强的层次感,段落应围绕某一主题或话题展开。
二、“四性”原则: 全面性、多样性、正确性及联贯性
图画作文的“四化”是相互联接,相互影响的,“四化”只是一些最基本的要求,要想写出一篇上乘的看图作文,还得把握好与“四化”相对应的“四性”原则。
1. 要点的“全面性”
作文的要点必须包含图画中的所有主要信息,不能遗漏要点,但要详略得当。图画所含信息常以显性形式表现,但有时也以隐形形式表现,隐形信息通常存在于图画与图画的衔接过渡处。
2. 短语的“多样性”
应尽可能多地使用丰富的词汇、短语及句型来表达要点。语言表达不是越复杂越好,相反,言以简为贵,若能用最简洁的方式表达清楚复杂的意思,才是书面表达所追求的境界。
3. 句子的“正确性”
确保所写的并列句、定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句以及其它句式的正确性,确保选词准确,写出符合英语表达的地道句子,这是关系到文章能否上档次并获得高分的关键因素之一。
4. 短文的“联贯性”
英语作文讲究整体感及层次感,考生应使首尾段呼应、使各段的主题句和支持主题句发展的信息保持一致,并根据文意及逻辑关系恰当使用必要的过渡词句。注意首尾呼应,加强复查,注意保持卷面整洁、书写美观,杜绝一些低级错误(拼写错误、搭配错误、标点符号误用)的出现。
【佳作鉴评】
下面以2009年北京卷书面表达第一节“情景作文”为例加以说明:
假设你是红星中学高三(一)班的学生李华,为响应绿化祖国的号召,你班四月十二日去郊区植树,请根据以下四幅图的先后顺序,介绍植树活动的全过程,给某英文杂志的“绿色行动”专栏写一篇以“Green Action in Our Class”为题的英文稿件。
注意:词数不少于60。提示词:郊区 suburbs
技巧点拨:
根据提示信息(你班四月十二日去郊区植树,请根据以下四幅图的先后顺序,介绍植树活动的全过程。)可知,这是一件发生在过去的事情,故全文的中心时态应该使用一般过去时。“四化”具体体现:
1. 图形要点化
图1: 骑车前往郊区,欢声笑语(伴随动作);(略写)
图2:学生达到郊区,着手活动(挖坑、抬树苗、种植<隐性动作>、浇水);(详写)
图3:树木种植完毕,立提示语;(略写)
图4:植树活动结束,拍照纪念。(略写)
2. 要点短语化
图1: went to the suburbs by bike to plant trees; talking and laughing all the way;
图2: began to work; dug holes; carried and planted trees; watered them;
图3: put up a board reminding people of the protection of the trees;
图4: took photos to record our green action.
3. 短语句子化
图1: In the morning, we went to the suburbs to plant trees, talking and laughing all the way.
图2: We began to work immediately. Some were digging holes, some were carrying and planting trees, while others were watering them.
图3: We put up a board reminding people of the protection of the trees.
图4: We took photos to record our green action.
4. 句子短文化
Green Action in Our Class
Our class had an unforgettable experience on April 12①.
In the morning, we cycled to the suburbs to plant trees, talking and laughing all the way. Upon arrival, we began to work immediately②. Some were digging holes, some were carrying and planting trees, while others were watering them. Having finished the work, we put up a board reminding people to protect the trees③. Before leaving we took some photos to record our green action.
Seeing the lines of trees, we all had a sense of achievement. We feel it’s our duty to protect and beautify our environment⑤.
佳句点评:
1. 句①为全文主旨句,体现了全文的发展方向;
2. 句②中使用介词短语upon arrival取代时间状语从句When we arrived, ...,句子更加简洁;
3. 图2中存在四个动作,处理多个动作的较好的办法就是运用从句或非谓语形式。文中运用while引出的状语从句使得句子间的语意逻辑更加紧凑,同时使得句子结构多样化;
4. 句③运用了现在分词短语作状语,体现动作发生的先后顺序;
5. 句⑤和句①构成首尾呼应,增强了文章的整体性和语篇感。
【迁移提高】
为进一步让外宾了解祖国各地正在发生的变化,请根据以下图片提供的信息,给某英文杂志的“家乡的变化”专栏写一篇以“My Hometown”为题的英文稿件,介绍家乡在过去10年的变化,并简要谈谈你对此变化的感想。
注意:1. 词数:不少于120词;
2. 短文应包括图中所提供的主要信息,可适当增加细节,以使行文联贯。
参考范文:
MY HOMETOWN
Great changes have taken place in my hometown over the past ten years.
My hometown was once a beautiful village, where the locals led a quiet life. The nice scenery was just breathtaking with the surroundings dressed all in green and man was in harmony with nature. Despite the fact that they lived in plain houses, the natives enjoyed a free life of activities such as fishing in the pond, cycling on the road and studying in the primary school. In short, people felt it a pleasure to have such a peaceful environment.
Now, a modern city has been established in its place. To provide citizens with better living conditions, the government has built parks to play in and bookstores to study in. Tall buildings have been built here and there. Instead of bicycles on the country roads, buses and cars have replaced them in the wide streets, which take on a new look.
As a saying goes, “Everything has two sides.” A modern city suggests that my hometown has progressed and developed. On the other hand, I also long for a place with peacefulness and a green and natural environment. What we should do is to try to keep the course of development in balance.
在写图画作文时学生通常存在以下问题:
1. 审图问题:抓不住图画要点,很多学生往往“捡了芝麻,丢了西瓜”。鉴于此,动笔之前一定要对所呈现的图画有一个整体把握,确定好写作的关键点。
2. 构思问题:根据审图时确定的关键点,根据全文的字数要求,初步确定每一幅图画的句子分布,将图画转变为写作要点。对图画的处理要把握好主次,注意图片间的衔接。
【文体特点】
图画作文是近年来高考英语书面表达的常见形式之一。可以说,只要有书面表达的存在,就有图画作文的存在,原因在于看图作文既考查了在特定情景中学生的观察能力和组织能力,同时也为不同层次的学生提供了一个相对自由的表达空间,有利于高校选拔人才。图画或以动态方式(侧重多个动作的表述),或以静态方式(侧重于对图画本身状态的描述)呈现。该类文体在选材上往往贴近学生生活,易于表达,事件本身往往在学生身边已发生或即将发生。
【技巧点拨】
根据《英语课程标准》(实验)及“考试大纲”对语言输出的新要求,笔者结合学生高中阶段英语写作的实际,总结出写好“图画作文”的关键在于落实好“四化”及“四性”。 一、“四化”原则:图形要点化、要点短语化、短语句子化及句子短文化
1. 图形要点化
这是写好图画作文的基础。考生要仔细阅读提示信息,抓住每幅图画的要点和特征,确定写作重点,同时从整体上把握图画间的联系。
2. 要点短语化
在把握要点的基础上,考生使用作文语篇要求的正确时态将上述要点用正确的动词短语列出,若为及物动词或短语则需带上相应的宾语。
3. 短语句子化
在动词短语基础上再对信息进行加工、整合,加上其它必要的句子成分如主语、状语等,此时应充分运用一些较高级别的表达形式(如复合句、非谓语动词、with复合结构、感叹句、强调句型等)以提高作文的可读性及赏析性。
4. 句子短文化
在完成了上述步骤后,考生需要从整体上把握文章,抓住英语文章的写作特点连句成篇。这时要从语篇的角度来审视短文:语篇应具有较强的层次感,段落应围绕某一主题或话题展开。
二、“四性”原则: 全面性、多样性、正确性及联贯性
图画作文的“四化”是相互联接,相互影响的,“四化”只是一些最基本的要求,要想写出一篇上乘的看图作文,还得把握好与“四化”相对应的“四性”原则。
1. 要点的“全面性”
作文的要点必须包含图画中的所有主要信息,不能遗漏要点,但要详略得当。图画所含信息常以显性形式表现,但有时也以隐形形式表现,隐形信息通常存在于图画与图画的衔接过渡处。
2. 短语的“多样性”
应尽可能多地使用丰富的词汇、短语及句型来表达要点。语言表达不是越复杂越好,相反,言以简为贵,若能用最简洁的方式表达清楚复杂的意思,才是书面表达所追求的境界。
3. 句子的“正确性”
确保所写的并列句、定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句以及其它句式的正确性,确保选词准确,写出符合英语表达的地道句子,这是关系到文章能否上档次并获得高分的关键因素之一。
4. 短文的“联贯性”
英语作文讲究整体感及层次感,考生应使首尾段呼应、使各段的主题句和支持主题句发展的信息保持一致,并根据文意及逻辑关系恰当使用必要的过渡词句。注意首尾呼应,加强复查,注意保持卷面整洁、书写美观,杜绝一些低级错误(拼写错误、搭配错误、标点符号误用)的出现。
【佳作鉴评】
下面以2009年北京卷书面表达第一节“情景作文”为例加以说明:
假设你是红星中学高三(一)班的学生李华,为响应绿化祖国的号召,你班四月十二日去郊区植树,请根据以下四幅图的先后顺序,介绍植树活动的全过程,给某英文杂志的“绿色行动”专栏写一篇以“Green Action in Our Class”为题的英文稿件。
注意:词数不少于60。提示词:郊区 suburbs
技巧点拨:
根据提示信息(你班四月十二日去郊区植树,请根据以下四幅图的先后顺序,介绍植树活动的全过程。)可知,这是一件发生在过去的事情,故全文的中心时态应该使用一般过去时。“四化”具体体现:
1. 图形要点化
图1: 骑车前往郊区,欢声笑语(伴随动作);(略写)
图2:学生达到郊区,着手活动(挖坑、抬树苗、种植<隐性动作>、浇水);(详写)
图3:树木种植完毕,立提示语;(略写)
图4:植树活动结束,拍照纪念。(略写)
2. 要点短语化
图1: went to the suburbs by bike to plant trees; talking and laughing all the way;
图2: began to work; dug holes; carried and planted trees; watered them;
图3: put up a board reminding people of the protection of the trees;
图4: took photos to record our green action.
3. 短语句子化
图1: In the morning, we went to the suburbs to plant trees, talking and laughing all the way.
图2: We began to work immediately. Some were digging holes, some were carrying and planting trees, while others were watering them.
图3: We put up a board reminding people of the protection of the trees.
图4: We took photos to record our green action.
4. 句子短文化
Green Action in Our Class
Our class had an unforgettable experience on April 12①.
In the morning, we cycled to the suburbs to plant trees, talking and laughing all the way. Upon arrival, we began to work immediately②. Some were digging holes, some were carrying and planting trees, while others were watering them. Having finished the work, we put up a board reminding people to protect the trees③. Before leaving we took some photos to record our green action.
Seeing the lines of trees, we all had a sense of achievement. We feel it’s our duty to protect and beautify our environment⑤.
佳句点评:
1. 句①为全文主旨句,体现了全文的发展方向;
2. 句②中使用介词短语upon arrival取代时间状语从句When we arrived, ...,句子更加简洁;
3. 图2中存在四个动作,处理多个动作的较好的办法就是运用从句或非谓语形式。文中运用while引出的状语从句使得句子间的语意逻辑更加紧凑,同时使得句子结构多样化;
4. 句③运用了现在分词短语作状语,体现动作发生的先后顺序;
5. 句⑤和句①构成首尾呼应,增强了文章的整体性和语篇感。
【迁移提高】
为进一步让外宾了解祖国各地正在发生的变化,请根据以下图片提供的信息,给某英文杂志的“家乡的变化”专栏写一篇以“My Hometown”为题的英文稿件,介绍家乡在过去10年的变化,并简要谈谈你对此变化的感想。
注意:1. 词数:不少于120词;
2. 短文应包括图中所提供的主要信息,可适当增加细节,以使行文联贯。
参考范文:
MY HOMETOWN
Great changes have taken place in my hometown over the past ten years.
My hometown was once a beautiful village, where the locals led a quiet life. The nice scenery was just breathtaking with the surroundings dressed all in green and man was in harmony with nature. Despite the fact that they lived in plain houses, the natives enjoyed a free life of activities such as fishing in the pond, cycling on the road and studying in the primary school. In short, people felt it a pleasure to have such a peaceful environment.
Now, a modern city has been established in its place. To provide citizens with better living conditions, the government has built parks to play in and bookstores to study in. Tall buildings have been built here and there. Instead of bicycles on the country roads, buses and cars have replaced them in the wide streets, which take on a new look.
As a saying goes, “Everything has two sides.” A modern city suggests that my hometown has progressed and developed. On the other hand, I also long for a place with peacefulness and a green and natural environment. What we should do is to try to keep the course of development in balance.