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摘要:明喻是一种很常用的修辞手法，但在修辞学中，对于比喻词as 表现明喻的研究迄今不多。本文分析了as...as形式的明喻的特点及其运用，并就其問题作了初步探讨。
关键词:比喻词 明喻 特点
1.引言
明喻是一种常见的修辞手法。它是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比，表明本体 (tenor或subject) 和喻体(vehicle或reference)之间的相似关系，两者都在对比中出现。明喻用比喻词来引出喻体，通过现实的或想象中的相似点认知本体的意向。本文拟就比喻词as引出喻体的特点及具体运用作一番探讨。
2．as...as形式明喻的特点及其运用
一般来说，主要的比喻词有as和like。英语中有许多习语都由as给出比喻形象，形式为 (as) + adj. + as + n. ,可使主旨明确，清楚易懂，诉诸想象，强化效果。
2．1与汉语“四字格”完全对译
由于人类生活的世界、人类的思维和情感有共通之处，因此，各种文化和语言也表现出一定的相融性和共同点。英语和汉语中的成语有些在语言形式和比喻形象方面十分相似，几乎可以完全一一对译。一国语言中的习语最能集中反映该国的民族文化、传统等各种特点，民族色彩很浓。习语的直译就有了它的特殊重要性。
汉语的成语多数由四个字组成，称“四字格”。四言成语言简意明，内容精辟，寓意深刻，形象生动。用as...as构成的明喻形式直译“四字格”，不仅保留了汉语成语的色彩和生动形象，还丰富了英语语言，让英语读者更好地感受汉语文化。
直译由比喻词“如”构成的四字成语：
安如泰山as secure as Mount Taishan
如狼似虎as ferocious as wolves and tigers
饥饿如狼as hungry as a wolf
疾如闪电as quick as lightning
坚如磐石as firm as rock
美如图画as pretty as a picture
轻如鸿毛as light as a feather
洁白如雪as white as snow
安如磐石as solid as a rock
清如水晶as clear as crystal
勇猛如狮as brave as a lion
2．2 传达四字成语的内涵和外延
英汉民族毕竟在地理环境、生活习俗、宗教信仰等方面存在相当的差异，所以，成语的产生和使用在两种文化中表现出各自不同的特色。比喻词as诠释了比喻形象的差别。
如：地久天长as old as the hills
守口如瓶as close as an oyster ;as silent as the graves;
易如反掌as easy as pie
青春焕发 as flesh as flowers in May
有眼无珠as blind as a bat
惊慌失措as scared as a rabbit
胆大妄为as bold as brass
充耳不闻as deaf as a post
死气沉沉as dead as a door nail
暴跳如雷as mad as a wet hen
光明磊落as open as the day
力大如牛as strong as a horse
烂醉如泥as drunk as a lord
泰然自若as cool as a cucumber
易如反掌as easy as ABC
胆小如鼠as timid as a rabbit
噤若寒蝉as mute as a fish
一贫如洗as poor as a Church mouse
无忧无虑as happy as a prince
2．3 表现由“很”“非常”构成的四字词组
如：十分安全as safe as houses
身体很好as fit as fiddle
視力很差as blind as a bat
非常鲜艳as fresh as a rose
十分舒适as comfortable as an old shoe
十分固執as stubborn as mule
非常愚蠢as silly as goose
十分寒冷as cold as a frog
十分沉重as heavy as lead
2．4 反映历史典故
as...as 形式的明喻所表现的英语典故不仅润饰语言，使之丰富多彩，生动清晰，而且更容易沟通思想。
如：as old as Adam 极为古老
as wise as Solmon智慧超群
as rich as Jesus / Croesus 富比陶朱
2．5增强语句说服力
采用as...as明喻修辞手法可以把平淡的内容表现得更加生动，把道理说得更加透彻，把观点表达得更加鲜明，从而更好地传递信息，增添文采。
She is as proud as a peacock.她像孔雀一样骄傲。
The sapphire is as blue as the sea. 宝石蓝得像海。
She is as beautiful as a flower. 她像花一样的美丽。
I am as light as a feather, I am as happy as an angel, I am as merry as a school boy. I am as giddy as a drunken man...(Charles Dickens) 我像羽毛一样轻，我像天使一样幸福，我像小学生一样快活，我像喝醉了酒的人一样飘飘然……
2．6利用双声增强美感
由as...as构成的明喻形式利用双声增强美感，简洁明快，令人回味无穷。
如：as brittle as glass
as sour as a crab/vinegar
as brown as berry
as busy as a bee
as changeable as weather/a clock/the moon
as cheerful as a lark
as common as dirty
as cold as ice/marble/a stone/a key/charity/frog
as dark as pitch
as empty as a drum
as fair as a rose
as fat as a pit/butter
as sound as a bell
as sweet as honey/sugar
as clear as a bell/a day/crystal/ daylight/the nose on your face
3．运用时值得注意的问题
明喻不是同类事物的比较，如：The measure is as effective as that one.
明喻应有逻辑性，如：
Illogical: Her cheeks were as red as blood, and her voice as loud as a sparrow’s.
Note: Cheeks were rosy and a sparrow’s voice isn’t lovely at all.
4．结束语
用as...as表示的明喻形式不仅包含历史典故、文化习俗，而且利用双声增强美感。明喻习语清楚易懂，语言形象，比喻确切。研究探讨其特点和运用，对于英语学习无疑具有积极的作用。
参考文献：
［1］肖运初. 英语狭义修辞［M］. 湖南师范大学, 2003.
［2］张培基. 习语汉译英研究［M］. 商务印书馆, 1979.
［3］张培基. 英汉翻译教程［M］. 上海外语教育出版社, 1983.
关键词:比喻词 明喻 特点
1.引言
明喻是一种常见的修辞手法。它是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比，表明本体 (tenor或subject) 和喻体(vehicle或reference)之间的相似关系，两者都在对比中出现。明喻用比喻词来引出喻体，通过现实的或想象中的相似点认知本体的意向。本文拟就比喻词as引出喻体的特点及具体运用作一番探讨。
2．as...as形式明喻的特点及其运用
一般来说，主要的比喻词有as和like。英语中有许多习语都由as给出比喻形象，形式为 (as) + adj. + as + n. ,可使主旨明确，清楚易懂，诉诸想象，强化效果。
2．1与汉语“四字格”完全对译
由于人类生活的世界、人类的思维和情感有共通之处，因此，各种文化和语言也表现出一定的相融性和共同点。英语和汉语中的成语有些在语言形式和比喻形象方面十分相似，几乎可以完全一一对译。一国语言中的习语最能集中反映该国的民族文化、传统等各种特点，民族色彩很浓。习语的直译就有了它的特殊重要性。
汉语的成语多数由四个字组成，称“四字格”。四言成语言简意明，内容精辟，寓意深刻，形象生动。用as...as构成的明喻形式直译“四字格”，不仅保留了汉语成语的色彩和生动形象，还丰富了英语语言，让英语读者更好地感受汉语文化。
直译由比喻词“如”构成的四字成语：
安如泰山as secure as Mount Taishan
如狼似虎as ferocious as wolves and tigers
饥饿如狼as hungry as a wolf
疾如闪电as quick as lightning
坚如磐石as firm as rock
美如图画as pretty as a picture
轻如鸿毛as light as a feather
洁白如雪as white as snow
安如磐石as solid as a rock
清如水晶as clear as crystal
勇猛如狮as brave as a lion
2．2 传达四字成语的内涵和外延
英汉民族毕竟在地理环境、生活习俗、宗教信仰等方面存在相当的差异，所以，成语的产生和使用在两种文化中表现出各自不同的特色。比喻词as诠释了比喻形象的差别。
如：地久天长as old as the hills
守口如瓶as close as an oyster ;as silent as the graves;
易如反掌as easy as pie
青春焕发 as flesh as flowers in May
有眼无珠as blind as a bat
惊慌失措as scared as a rabbit
胆大妄为as bold as brass
充耳不闻as deaf as a post
死气沉沉as dead as a door nail
暴跳如雷as mad as a wet hen
光明磊落as open as the day
力大如牛as strong as a horse
烂醉如泥as drunk as a lord
泰然自若as cool as a cucumber
易如反掌as easy as ABC
胆小如鼠as timid as a rabbit
噤若寒蝉as mute as a fish
一贫如洗as poor as a Church mouse
无忧无虑as happy as a prince
2．3 表现由“很”“非常”构成的四字词组
如：十分安全as safe as houses
身体很好as fit as fiddle
視力很差as blind as a bat
非常鲜艳as fresh as a rose
十分舒适as comfortable as an old shoe
十分固執as stubborn as mule
非常愚蠢as silly as goose
十分寒冷as cold as a frog
十分沉重as heavy as lead
2．4 反映历史典故
as...as 形式的明喻所表现的英语典故不仅润饰语言，使之丰富多彩，生动清晰，而且更容易沟通思想。
如：as old as Adam 极为古老
as wise as Solmon智慧超群
as rich as Jesus / Croesus 富比陶朱
2．5增强语句说服力
采用as...as明喻修辞手法可以把平淡的内容表现得更加生动，把道理说得更加透彻，把观点表达得更加鲜明，从而更好地传递信息，增添文采。
She is as proud as a peacock.她像孔雀一样骄傲。
The sapphire is as blue as the sea. 宝石蓝得像海。
She is as beautiful as a flower. 她像花一样的美丽。
I am as light as a feather, I am as happy as an angel, I am as merry as a school boy. I am as giddy as a drunken man...(Charles Dickens) 我像羽毛一样轻，我像天使一样幸福，我像小学生一样快活，我像喝醉了酒的人一样飘飘然……
2．6利用双声增强美感
由as...as构成的明喻形式利用双声增强美感，简洁明快，令人回味无穷。
如：as brittle as glass
as sour as a crab/vinegar
as brown as berry
as busy as a bee
as changeable as weather/a clock/the moon
as cheerful as a lark
as common as dirty
as cold as ice/marble/a stone/a key/charity/frog
as dark as pitch
as empty as a drum
as fair as a rose
as fat as a pit/butter
as sound as a bell
as sweet as honey/sugar
as clear as a bell/a day/crystal/ daylight/the nose on your face
3．运用时值得注意的问题
明喻不是同类事物的比较，如：The measure is as effective as that one.
明喻应有逻辑性，如：
Illogical: Her cheeks were as red as blood, and her voice as loud as a sparrow’s.
Note: Cheeks were rosy and a sparrow’s voice isn’t lovely at all.
4．结束语
用as...as表示的明喻形式不仅包含历史典故、文化习俗，而且利用双声增强美感。明喻习语清楚易懂，语言形象，比喻确切。研究探讨其特点和运用，对于英语学习无疑具有积极的作用。
参考文献：
［1］肖运初. 英语狭义修辞［M］. 湖南师范大学, 2003.
［2］张培基. 习语汉译英研究［M］. 商务印书馆, 1979.
［3］张培基. 英汉翻译教程［M］. 上海外语教育出版社, 1983.