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在英语的语法解释中经常出现“复合”一词,笔者将这一现象称为“复合现象”。复合是指为了使意思的表达更到位而在单一的结果前或后加上与之相关的其它内容,所形成的是比较定型、比较严谨的语法结构。“复合”出来的结构有以下几种:
一、动词不定式的复合结构
动词不定式的复合结构由“for+名词或代词+动词不定式”构成,在句子中作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。如:
It is necessary for us to master at least one foreign language.我们至少掌握一门外语是必要的。
They thought it impossible for such a little girl to solve the problem in such a short time.他们认为这么小的一个女孩在如此短的时间内解决这个问题是不可能的。
It is for you to decide.由你来决定。
There will be a lot of work for us to do.有许多工作要我们去做。
He shouted louder in order for us to hear.他大声喊,为了使大家都能听到。
二、动名词的复合结构
动名词的复合结构就是在动名词前面加上一个名词、代词或名词的属格,在句子中作主语或宾语。作主语时前面只能加形容词性的物主代词和名词属格。如:
Her son’s coming back at night made her surprised.她儿子夜间回来使她很吃惊。
His driving carelessly caused the traffic accident.他因为驾驶不小心而导致了那起交通事故。
Please pardon my disturbing you.打扰了,请原谅。
We don’t mind Mary explaining the problem again.玛丽可以再解释一下那个问题。
三、复合宾语
宾语和它的补足语合称复合宾语。如:
He made his parents happy.他使父母很高兴。
They elected Washington president.他们选华盛顿当总统。
I saw John entering the room just now.刚才我看到约翰进了房间。
I thought it of no use.我原以为他没有用。
四、介词的复合结构
介词的复合结构由“介词+复合宾语”构成,在句中做定语、状语、表语等,可用于此结构的介词主要有with、without、like等。如:
The woman with a baby in her arms is a nurse in this hospital.怀里抱着一个婴儿的那个妇女是这家医院里的一个护士。
Mr Liu fell asleep with the window open.刘先生开着窗户入睡了。
The war was over without a shot being fired.没放一枪一炮战争就结束了。
When the plane took off, he felt like a bird in the sky.当飞机起飞时,他感觉像鸟在空中。
五、复合谓语
不是一个单一的动词所充当的谓语叫复合谓语。如:
As a scientist, he is strict and careful in everything.作为一个科学家,他对一切事都严谨而细心。
Plants can’t grow without sunlight.没有阳光植物不会生长。
I have returned you the book that you lent to me last week.你上周借给我的那本书我已还给你了。
六、复合句
含有从句的句子叫作复合句。如:
Who did it is known to all.谁做的那事大家都知道。
He looked as if he was going to cry.他看起来像要哭了。
I’ll go on with the work when I come back tomorrow.明天回来后我将继续工作。
I don’t know the reason why he came late.我不知道他迟到的原因。
七、复合词
复合词是由两个或两个以上自由词素构成的词,包括复合名词、复合形容词、复合动词等。如:
复合名词:handbook,highway,toothache,deadline.
复合形容词:well-known,five-year-old, hardworking,warm-hearted.
复合动词:sightsee,mass-produce,nickname, outline.
一、动词不定式的复合结构
动词不定式的复合结构由“for+名词或代词+动词不定式”构成,在句子中作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。如:
It is necessary for us to master at least one foreign language.我们至少掌握一门外语是必要的。
They thought it impossible for such a little girl to solve the problem in such a short time.他们认为这么小的一个女孩在如此短的时间内解决这个问题是不可能的。
It is for you to decide.由你来决定。
There will be a lot of work for us to do.有许多工作要我们去做。
He shouted louder in order for us to hear.他大声喊,为了使大家都能听到。
二、动名词的复合结构
动名词的复合结构就是在动名词前面加上一个名词、代词或名词的属格,在句子中作主语或宾语。作主语时前面只能加形容词性的物主代词和名词属格。如:
Her son’s coming back at night made her surprised.她儿子夜间回来使她很吃惊。
His driving carelessly caused the traffic accident.他因为驾驶不小心而导致了那起交通事故。
Please pardon my disturbing you.打扰了,请原谅。
We don’t mind Mary explaining the problem again.玛丽可以再解释一下那个问题。
三、复合宾语
宾语和它的补足语合称复合宾语。如:
He made his parents happy.他使父母很高兴。
They elected Washington president.他们选华盛顿当总统。
I saw John entering the room just now.刚才我看到约翰进了房间。
I thought it of no use.我原以为他没有用。
四、介词的复合结构
介词的复合结构由“介词+复合宾语”构成,在句中做定语、状语、表语等,可用于此结构的介词主要有with、without、like等。如:
The woman with a baby in her arms is a nurse in this hospital.怀里抱着一个婴儿的那个妇女是这家医院里的一个护士。
Mr Liu fell asleep with the window open.刘先生开着窗户入睡了。
The war was over without a shot being fired.没放一枪一炮战争就结束了。
When the plane took off, he felt like a bird in the sky.当飞机起飞时,他感觉像鸟在空中。
五、复合谓语
不是一个单一的动词所充当的谓语叫复合谓语。如:
As a scientist, he is strict and careful in everything.作为一个科学家,他对一切事都严谨而细心。
Plants can’t grow without sunlight.没有阳光植物不会生长。
I have returned you the book that you lent to me last week.你上周借给我的那本书我已还给你了。
六、复合句
含有从句的句子叫作复合句。如:
Who did it is known to all.谁做的那事大家都知道。
He looked as if he was going to cry.他看起来像要哭了。
I’ll go on with the work when I come back tomorrow.明天回来后我将继续工作。
I don’t know the reason why he came late.我不知道他迟到的原因。
七、复合词
复合词是由两个或两个以上自由词素构成的词,包括复合名词、复合形容词、复合动词等。如:
复合名词:handbook,highway,toothache,deadline.
复合形容词:well-known,five-year-old, hardworking,warm-hearted.
复合动词:sightsee,mass-produce,nickname, outline.