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众所周知,定语从句的学习一直贯穿于高中英语教学之中,其重要性不言而喻。但因其纷繁的要点,学生一直觉得难以把握。为此,笔者将从以下几个关系对之进行梳理,来帮助同学们更好地掌握其要点。
一、概念定位法
首先,定语从句与其它从句最明显的区别就是其紧接在某一名词或代词(语法上称之为先行词)之后,从而对之进行修饰和限制。略举几例作一比较:
The students who take a gap year are easy to get appreciated by the employers. (定语从句)
They put forward problems that they think necessary to solve. (定语从句)
No one knows what they can do to escape from the disaster. (宾语从句)
This is where they don’t agree. (表语从句)
注意:同位语从句也是位于名词之后,但只起解释说明作用,并且没有句式成份上的关联。如:
The problem that they can’t finish the task in time worries all the engineers.
其次,定语从句有两种类型,那就是限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。从概念上讲,限制性定语从句主要是对所修饰的先行词进行限制,不可缺少,而非限制性定语从句则对先行词加以补充说明,可有可无。从形式上讲,限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区分就是一个逗号。从意义上讲,限制性定语从句所修饰的先行词是特指,而非限制性定从句所修饰的先行词在意义上无歧义。如:
Lincoln’s mother, who loved him very much, died in 1818. (非限制性定语从句)
The teacher who always wears smart clothes is our English teacher. (限制性定语从句)
二、成份功能定位法
运用句式成份分析可能对定语从句的第二要素的定位起着至关重要的作用。简言之,定语从句的成份的定位决定了关系代词和关系副词的定位。这之中,定语从句谓语动词的确定尤为关键。请看下列例句:
The story brought back the years when we spent our childhood with our grandparents. (关系副词when代替the years在定语从句中作状语)
The days that we spent in our summer holidays are unforgettable. (关系代词that代替the days在定语从句中作宾语)
No one believes the reason why he is late again and again. (连接副词why引导定语从句)
No one believes the reason that he gave for his being late again. (关系代词that代替the reason在定语从句中作gave的宾语)
三、替代功能定位法
在定语从句中,由于先行词自身的变化以及其在定语从句中的语法功能变化,其替代的关系代词和副词也存在着相应的变化。其中,最明显的有三类:一是先行词的制约作用,须用that;二是as和which的强大替代功能;三是先行词自身的特殊要求。如例所示:
比较一:Who is the man that gives the lecture to the teenagers?
The best thing that you must do now is to study hard and achieve high grades.
The old classmates talked about the people and the things that they remembered on campus.
The generous man always donates all that he has at hand to help the poor.
He doesn’t recognize the place that it used to be after long years.
可见,当先行词是疑问词、不定代词,既有人又有物时;当先行词被形容词最高级和序数词修饰时;在定语从句中作表语时以及避免与which重复时常用that。
比较二:As we all know, to raise two or more kids is very hard.
He is indifferent to anything around, which worries his parents now.
一句常用的口诀是:as, which作用大,主句也可作先行。从细节来讲,句首与句中都可用as;句中可用which。但当主句内容与从句内容相悖或相矛盾时,多用which。
比较三:Tom likes to wear the same shirt as his twin brother, Jack.
He is using the same pen that his parent bought yesterday.
虽然都是the same修饰,但是同一事物则用that;同类事物则用as。
比较四:What made him angry was that he met such a man as he couldn’t get his idea across to after a long time persuasion.
The girl is such a kind one that she is willing to help anyone in trouble.
先行词有such修饰时,关键要分清在从句中是否作成分。
比较五:All of us will never forget the occasions when every one achieves success.
The neighbors admire the way the parents treat their children in an equal way.
She was faced with the point where she chose a proper career.
Cases are like that where many people have to lie again to hide their mistakes.
另外,定语从句的应用还有一些常用考题的变式,本文就不再一一赘述了。
通过上述基本结构的网络梳理,定语从句的学习有了一个基本的框架。当然,同学们在平时的学习中还需要积累和总结,本文只能起到一个辅助的作用。
(作者:张荣建,江苏南通)
一、概念定位法
首先,定语从句与其它从句最明显的区别就是其紧接在某一名词或代词(语法上称之为先行词)之后,从而对之进行修饰和限制。略举几例作一比较:
The students who take a gap year are easy to get appreciated by the employers. (定语从句)
They put forward problems that they think necessary to solve. (定语从句)
No one knows what they can do to escape from the disaster. (宾语从句)
This is where they don’t agree. (表语从句)
注意:同位语从句也是位于名词之后,但只起解释说明作用,并且没有句式成份上的关联。如:
The problem that they can’t finish the task in time worries all the engineers.
其次,定语从句有两种类型,那就是限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。从概念上讲,限制性定语从句主要是对所修饰的先行词进行限制,不可缺少,而非限制性定语从句则对先行词加以补充说明,可有可无。从形式上讲,限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区分就是一个逗号。从意义上讲,限制性定语从句所修饰的先行词是特指,而非限制性定从句所修饰的先行词在意义上无歧义。如:
Lincoln’s mother, who loved him very much, died in 1818. (非限制性定语从句)
The teacher who always wears smart clothes is our English teacher. (限制性定语从句)
二、成份功能定位法
运用句式成份分析可能对定语从句的第二要素的定位起着至关重要的作用。简言之,定语从句的成份的定位决定了关系代词和关系副词的定位。这之中,定语从句谓语动词的确定尤为关键。请看下列例句:
The story brought back the years when we spent our childhood with our grandparents. (关系副词when代替the years在定语从句中作状语)
The days that we spent in our summer holidays are unforgettable. (关系代词that代替the days在定语从句中作宾语)
No one believes the reason why he is late again and again. (连接副词why引导定语从句)
No one believes the reason that he gave for his being late again. (关系代词that代替the reason在定语从句中作gave的宾语)
三、替代功能定位法
在定语从句中,由于先行词自身的变化以及其在定语从句中的语法功能变化,其替代的关系代词和副词也存在着相应的变化。其中,最明显的有三类:一是先行词的制约作用,须用that;二是as和which的强大替代功能;三是先行词自身的特殊要求。如例所示:
比较一:Who is the man that gives the lecture to the teenagers?
The best thing that you must do now is to study hard and achieve high grades.
The old classmates talked about the people and the things that they remembered on campus.
The generous man always donates all that he has at hand to help the poor.
He doesn’t recognize the place that it used to be after long years.
可见,当先行词是疑问词、不定代词,既有人又有物时;当先行词被形容词最高级和序数词修饰时;在定语从句中作表语时以及避免与which重复时常用that。
比较二:As we all know, to raise two or more kids is very hard.
He is indifferent to anything around, which worries his parents now.
一句常用的口诀是:as, which作用大,主句也可作先行。从细节来讲,句首与句中都可用as;句中可用which。但当主句内容与从句内容相悖或相矛盾时,多用which。
比较三:Tom likes to wear the same shirt as his twin brother, Jack.
He is using the same pen that his parent bought yesterday.
虽然都是the same修饰,但是同一事物则用that;同类事物则用as。
比较四:What made him angry was that he met such a man as he couldn’t get his idea across to after a long time persuasion.
The girl is such a kind one that she is willing to help anyone in trouble.
先行词有such修饰时,关键要分清在从句中是否作成分。
比较五:All of us will never forget the occasions when every one achieves success.
The neighbors admire the way the parents treat their children in an equal way.
She was faced with the point where she chose a proper career.
Cases are like that where many people have to lie again to hide their mistakes.
另外,定语从句的应用还有一些常用考题的变式,本文就不再一一赘述了。
通过上述基本结构的网络梳理,定语从句的学习有了一个基本的框架。当然,同学们在平时的学习中还需要积累和总结,本文只能起到一个辅助的作用。
(作者:张荣建,江苏南通)