双边合作双边合作可以被划分为两种类型:一种是以政府间的科技合作协定或以官方的交换文本为基础;另一种是以没有协定或安排的联合声明为基础。日本已经与美国(在能源和非能源领域)、西德、法国、加拿大之间签詈了官方协定;同时在日本和意大利之间却没有任何正式协定的基础。无论哪种形式,合作都正在通过联合委员会会议、交换专家以及定期交流情报 Bilateral cooperation Bilateral cooperation can be divided into two types: one based on an intergovernmental agreement on science and technology or an official exchange of texts and the other on the basis of a joint declaration without an agreement or arrangement. Japan has signed official agreements with the United States (in the energy and non-energy sectors), West Germany, France and Canada; and at the same time it lacks the basis for any formal agreement between Japan and Italy. Either way, cooperation is being through joint committee meetings, exchange of expertise and regular exchange of information