论文部分内容阅读
虽然目前的英语四、六级考试中没有了语法的单选题,但是并不代表这些题目过时了,对备考没有指导意义了。相反,语法理论和实践绝对不容忽视,因为语法无处不在,无时不在。很多学生读到长句和难句时,尽管句子的每个单词都认识,但是句子的含义还是觉得“云里雾里”似的。这是由于语法功底不够扎实,语法实践不够到位而导致的语感不强的结果。本文主要帮大家归纳分析各种各样的倒装句,以便于同学们学习。
在英语中,千变万化的句子都是由五种基本句型演变而来的,它们是:1.主---系---表;2.主---谓;3.主---谓---宾;4. 主---谓---宾---宾;5. 主---谓---宾---宾补。
倒装是指上述句型中句子成分顺序颠倒这一语法现象。广义的倒装是指谓语、表语、宾语或者宾语补足语的提前,而狭义的倒装则仅仅指主谓顺序的颠倒。倒装从形式上可分为全部倒装和部分倒装两种。前者指整个谓语都放在主语之前,后者指谓语的一部分(即:助动词、情态动词或系动词)或者表语、宾语、宾语补足语放在主语之前。除了语法上的要求外,倒装的原因还有:
1. 为了追求句子的平衡。例如:
Sitting in front of the counter is the young father who wishes to purchase a life insurance policy and agrees to pay a sum of $200 per year for 40 years.(主语部分太长而谓语部分短,如不倒装则显得头重脚轻。)
I’d take into account his reputation with other farmers and business people in the community, and then make a decision about whether or not to approve a loan.(过长的宾语部分后置,一方面利于理解,另一方面保持句子的平衡。)
2. 为了强调,以达到修辞上的要求。例如:
An apple tree my mother planted in the yard in the girlhood.(强调宾语an apple tree。)
Fifty dollars I paid the repairman.(强调直接宾语fifty dollars。)
Tom she lent her car.(强调间接宾语Tom。)
President of the university the board of directors elected Charles.(强调宾语补足语president of the university。)
笔者通过多年的积累分析,将四、六级考试中全部倒装分为四大类型,将部分倒装(半倒装)分为五大类型。本文主要探讨广义倒装的语法上的要求。
A.全部倒装
(一)表语型:
_____ was a photo.
A) Enclosed in the letter B) In the letter enclosed
C) The letter enclosed in D) In enclosed the letter
本题的正常语序应为 A photo was enclosed in the letter。为了强调,整个表语部分放在句首,引起全部倒装。答案为:A)
(二)there + be 型
_____ a stone bridge across the river.
A) There stands B) Here stands
C) Stand there D) Stands there
there + be(或系动词 stand, lie, exist, remain, appear, seem come等)句型本身便是一种倒装结构。主语应为系动词后的名词,故系动词应与其后的名词的数一致。答案为:A)
(三)句首状语型
1. 当句首为now, then或为here等方位词或拟声词,且谓语动词为go, come 等表示方位移动的动词时,句子可以全部倒装,但主语必须为名词。例如:
Now comes your luck!
Then followed eight years of anti-Japanese war.
Here are some suggestions from both suppliers and users.
Bang ! Bang ! Bang! Came three reports of guns.
2. 当句首状语为表示地点的介词短语时,一般要求句子全部倒装。例如:
In this chapter will be found an answer.
In the south of the old city lies a big factory.
(四)重复型
He likes playing football _____.
A) and so his brother does B) and so does his brother
C) and too his brother does D) and does his brother, too
在以so, nor, neither开头的并列句中,表示前面一句话中的谓语所说的情况也适合后一句时,采用倒装并且省去与前一句相同的成分。在此句型中,要注意后一句所用的助动词、系动词及情态动词与前一句保持一致。例如:You are not preparing your lessons, neither are we. 答案为:B)
B.部分倒装(半倒装)
(一)句首否定型
1. We have been told that under no circumstances _____the telephone in the office for personal affairs.
A) may we use B) we may use
C) we could use D) did we use
2. Not until the game had begun _____ at the sports ground.
A) had he arrived B) would he have arrived
C) did he arrive D) should he have arrived
含有否定意义的词、词组或者句子位于句首引起后面的部分倒装。常见的形式有:
1)以little, never, hardly, seldom, rarely, nowhere, scarcely 等否定词引起的句子,要用倒装语
序。 例如:Rarely could she have been faced with so difficult a choice.
2)表示否定意义的介词短语放在句首,句子要用倒装语序。例如:On no account are visitors allowed to feed the animals.
常见的表示否定意义的介词短语有: at no time, by no means, in no case, in no way, on no account, under no circumstances。
3) not only …but (also), neither…nor 结构中的not only, neither位于句首常用倒装语序。例如:Not only has he a first-class brain but he is also a tremendously hard worker.
4)not until引起的时间状语位于句首时, 句子要用倒装语序。例如:Not until all attempts at negotiation had failed did the men decide to go on strike.
5)hardly/scarcely/barely…when, no sooner…than结构中的hardly, scarcely, barely和no sooner放在句首,句子用倒装语序。例如:Hardly had he finished his speech when the audiences started cheering.
因此,两题的答案为:1.A) 2.C)
(二)only+状语型
Only under special circumstances _____ to take make-up tests.
A) are freshmen permitted B) freshmen are permitted
C) permitted are freshmen D) are permitted freshmen
当only + 状语(副词、介词短语和时间或条件状语从句)放在句首,句子要用倒装语序。例如:Only then did I understand what she meant. 再如:Only when you adjust down your p0rice to some extent can we conclude the business. 答案为:A)
(三)so/such型
1. Such a complicated problem _____ that it will take us much time to work it out.
A) it will be B) is it C) it was D) it is
2. So much _____ that he couldn’t sleep at night.
A) he worried about her B) worried about her he
C) did he worry about her D)do he worry about her
在so/such…that句型中,so/such引导的短语放在句首引起半倒装。如果谓语只有实意动词表示,须加助动词do(does, did )。答案为:1.D) 2.C)
(四) 让步型
1._____ as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention.
A) Being published B) Published C) Publishing D) To be published
2._____, he does get annoyed with her sometimes.
A) Although much he likes her B) Much although he likes her
C) As he likes her much D) Much as he likes her
在as引导的让步状语从句和在某些相当于让步状语从句的固定结构中,往往使用倒装的形式。在as引导的状语从句中, 其倒装结构有三种: 1. 表语 +as+主语+系动词。
例如: Young as she is, she has been an experienced worker。
2. 程度副词+as+主语+谓语+宾语。
例如:Much as I admired his courage, I didn’t think he acted wisely。
3. 原形动词+as+主语+情态动词/助动词。
例如:Try as he might, he could not persuade his friends to go。
而在某些相当于让步状语从句的结构中,一般是将从属连词省略,系动词倒装,并变成原形形式be。例如: Be it good or bad, we will set off as we planned.(无论天气如何,我们都将按计划出发。) 另外,还有come what may结构。例如:Come what may, we will finish the work. (无论如何我们都要完成任务。) 因此,两题的答案为:1.B) 2. D)
(五) 虚拟语气型
1. _____ right now, she would get there on Sunday.
A) Would she leave B) If she leaves
C) Were she to leave D) If she had left
2. The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, _____ all practical value by the time they were finished. (02-6-33)
A) had lost B) would lose
C) would have lose D) should have lost
虚拟条件从句中的连接词if 省略后,从句必须是半倒装结构。答案为:1.C) 2.D)
总之,了解并把握倒装结构不仅便于大家阅读和理解文章,而且利于增加写作中句子的灵活性和多样性,大家可以在大量的阅读中佐证、补充这些理论,在语言实践中多多历练,早日成熟地驾驭这种语言技能。最后,送大家精彩诗歌的片段,祝各位开心!
……
So put on a smile,
You’ll live through your pain.
Know it will pass,
And strength you will gain.
作者简介:王文臻 (1968-),女, 西北政法大学外国语学院副教授。研究方向:大学英语教学。
在英语中,千变万化的句子都是由五种基本句型演变而来的,它们是:1.主---系---表;2.主---谓;3.主---谓---宾;4. 主---谓---宾---宾;5. 主---谓---宾---宾补。
倒装是指上述句型中句子成分顺序颠倒这一语法现象。广义的倒装是指谓语、表语、宾语或者宾语补足语的提前,而狭义的倒装则仅仅指主谓顺序的颠倒。倒装从形式上可分为全部倒装和部分倒装两种。前者指整个谓语都放在主语之前,后者指谓语的一部分(即:助动词、情态动词或系动词)或者表语、宾语、宾语补足语放在主语之前。除了语法上的要求外,倒装的原因还有:
1. 为了追求句子的平衡。例如:
Sitting in front of the counter is the young father who wishes to purchase a life insurance policy and agrees to pay a sum of $200 per year for 40 years.(主语部分太长而谓语部分短,如不倒装则显得头重脚轻。)
I’d take into account his reputation with other farmers and business people in the community, and then make a decision about whether or not to approve a loan.(过长的宾语部分后置,一方面利于理解,另一方面保持句子的平衡。)
2. 为了强调,以达到修辞上的要求。例如:
An apple tree my mother planted in the yard in the girlhood.(强调宾语an apple tree。)
Fifty dollars I paid the repairman.(强调直接宾语fifty dollars。)
Tom she lent her car.(强调间接宾语Tom。)
President of the university the board of directors elected Charles.(强调宾语补足语president of the university。)
笔者通过多年的积累分析,将四、六级考试中全部倒装分为四大类型,将部分倒装(半倒装)分为五大类型。本文主要探讨广义倒装的语法上的要求。
A.全部倒装
(一)表语型:
_____ was a photo.
A) Enclosed in the letter B) In the letter enclosed
C) The letter enclosed in D) In enclosed the letter
本题的正常语序应为 A photo was enclosed in the letter。为了强调,整个表语部分放在句首,引起全部倒装。答案为:A)
(二)there + be 型
_____ a stone bridge across the river.
A) There stands B) Here stands
C) Stand there D) Stands there
there + be(或系动词 stand, lie, exist, remain, appear, seem come等)句型本身便是一种倒装结构。主语应为系动词后的名词,故系动词应与其后的名词的数一致。答案为:A)
(三)句首状语型
1. 当句首为now, then或为here等方位词或拟声词,且谓语动词为go, come 等表示方位移动的动词时,句子可以全部倒装,但主语必须为名词。例如:
Now comes your luck!
Then followed eight years of anti-Japanese war.
Here are some suggestions from both suppliers and users.
Bang ! Bang ! Bang! Came three reports of guns.
2. 当句首状语为表示地点的介词短语时,一般要求句子全部倒装。例如:
In this chapter will be found an answer.
In the south of the old city lies a big factory.
(四)重复型
He likes playing football _____.
A) and so his brother does B) and so does his brother
C) and too his brother does D) and does his brother, too
在以so, nor, neither开头的并列句中,表示前面一句话中的谓语所说的情况也适合后一句时,采用倒装并且省去与前一句相同的成分。在此句型中,要注意后一句所用的助动词、系动词及情态动词与前一句保持一致。例如:You are not preparing your lessons, neither are we. 答案为:B)
B.部分倒装(半倒装)
(一)句首否定型
1. We have been told that under no circumstances _____the telephone in the office for personal affairs.
A) may we use B) we may use
C) we could use D) did we use
2. Not until the game had begun _____ at the sports ground.
A) had he arrived B) would he have arrived
C) did he arrive D) should he have arrived
含有否定意义的词、词组或者句子位于句首引起后面的部分倒装。常见的形式有:
1)以little, never, hardly, seldom, rarely, nowhere, scarcely 等否定词引起的句子,要用倒装语
序。 例如:Rarely could she have been faced with so difficult a choice.
2)表示否定意义的介词短语放在句首,句子要用倒装语序。例如:On no account are visitors allowed to feed the animals.
常见的表示否定意义的介词短语有: at no time, by no means, in no case, in no way, on no account, under no circumstances。
3) not only …but (also), neither…nor 结构中的not only, neither位于句首常用倒装语序。例如:Not only has he a first-class brain but he is also a tremendously hard worker.
4)not until引起的时间状语位于句首时, 句子要用倒装语序。例如:Not until all attempts at negotiation had failed did the men decide to go on strike.
5)hardly/scarcely/barely…when, no sooner…than结构中的hardly, scarcely, barely和no sooner放在句首,句子用倒装语序。例如:Hardly had he finished his speech when the audiences started cheering.
因此,两题的答案为:1.A) 2.C)
(二)only+状语型
Only under special circumstances _____ to take make-up tests.
A) are freshmen permitted B) freshmen are permitted
C) permitted are freshmen D) are permitted freshmen
当only + 状语(副词、介词短语和时间或条件状语从句)放在句首,句子要用倒装语序。例如:Only then did I understand what she meant. 再如:Only when you adjust down your p0rice to some extent can we conclude the business. 答案为:A)
(三)so/such型
1. Such a complicated problem _____ that it will take us much time to work it out.
A) it will be B) is it C) it was D) it is
2. So much _____ that he couldn’t sleep at night.
A) he worried about her B) worried about her he
C) did he worry about her D)do he worry about her
在so/such…that句型中,so/such引导的短语放在句首引起半倒装。如果谓语只有实意动词表示,须加助动词do(does, did )。答案为:1.D) 2.C)
(四) 让步型
1._____ as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention.
A) Being published B) Published C) Publishing D) To be published
2._____, he does get annoyed with her sometimes.
A) Although much he likes her B) Much although he likes her
C) As he likes her much D) Much as he likes her
在as引导的让步状语从句和在某些相当于让步状语从句的固定结构中,往往使用倒装的形式。在as引导的状语从句中, 其倒装结构有三种: 1. 表语 +as+主语+系动词。
例如: Young as she is, she has been an experienced worker。
2. 程度副词+as+主语+谓语+宾语。
例如:Much as I admired his courage, I didn’t think he acted wisely。
3. 原形动词+as+主语+情态动词/助动词。
例如:Try as he might, he could not persuade his friends to go。
而在某些相当于让步状语从句的结构中,一般是将从属连词省略,系动词倒装,并变成原形形式be。例如: Be it good or bad, we will set off as we planned.(无论天气如何,我们都将按计划出发。) 另外,还有come what may结构。例如:Come what may, we will finish the work. (无论如何我们都要完成任务。) 因此,两题的答案为:1.B) 2. D)
(五) 虚拟语气型
1. _____ right now, she would get there on Sunday.
A) Would she leave B) If she leaves
C) Were she to leave D) If she had left
2. The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, _____ all practical value by the time they were finished. (02-6-33)
A) had lost B) would lose
C) would have lose D) should have lost
虚拟条件从句中的连接词if 省略后,从句必须是半倒装结构。答案为:1.C) 2.D)
总之,了解并把握倒装结构不仅便于大家阅读和理解文章,而且利于增加写作中句子的灵活性和多样性,大家可以在大量的阅读中佐证、补充这些理论,在语言实践中多多历练,早日成熟地驾驭这种语言技能。最后,送大家精彩诗歌的片段,祝各位开心!
……
So put on a smile,
You’ll live through your pain.
Know it will pass,
And strength you will gain.
作者简介:王文臻 (1968-),女, 西北政法大学外国语学院副教授。研究方向:大学英语教学。