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从2011年起,广东省东莞、中山等市中考英语采取听说合考形式,听力和口语合在一起共占25分。即使已经认识到听说训练的重要性,然而中山市49所初中有2/3处于农村或农村城镇城乡结合部,其中大部分没有足够的语音室、电脑室设备,不能使学生得到充分的听力口语训练的机会,而且绝大部分学生缺少在语音室进行听力口语训练的有效课时。笔者就如何立足课堂,提高初中生英语听说能力的有效途径方面进行了探讨。
一、贯彻“听说领先”教学法策略
美国心理语言学家Wilga M. Rivers认为,听的过程不仅是一个接收的过程而且还是一个建立的过程。第一阶段是感觉阶段,学习者能粗略地识别,根据自己学习第一语言的经验对所听的材料进行初步的切分音段,这基本上是一个被动和接收的阶段。第二阶段是识别阶段,学习者把所接收的信号一个一个地加以识别,把已经识别的与正在识别的联系起来,这个识别过程是积极的、细致的。第三阶段为领悟和建立阶段,学习者通过认知系统重复一遍所听的材料,而且不时地把已经理解的东西与听到的加以对照和修正,通过重新理解,使所听材料成为一种比较容易保留的形式被存入记忆里。这样,理解了的材料得到了改变,被保留下来的是语义信息。
笔者一直坚持在英语课堂教学中采取课文教学听说领先法。在讲授每单元的新课文时,把听说训练同课文教学紧密地结合起来,坚持让学生先听录音,根据所听内容回答课文有关的问题。教师提问必须有一般问句,也有特殊问句,内容有简单的,也有复杂的。这样可以让水平不同的学生都能参与进来,真正达到培养训练学生听、说能力的目的。讲课文时笔者不仅坚持用英语组织教学,而且力图使自己的语音语调准确规范,富有表现力。学生提问或回答问题也尽可能地使用英语。新课文讲完后,要求学生背诵该课文,在此基础上引导学生学会归纳大意进行复述或表演课文内容。课文教学以外还可坚持听写训练,听写的内容可以是课文中的单词、短语、句子或课文缩写。这也是强化听力训练的有效方法。
二、以多种形式在课堂教学中渗透听说训练
1. 有效利用课堂教学资源,加强听力训练,增加语言输入与储备。笔者不但坚持在课堂上大量听,广泛听,听电台,听电视台英语广播,听英文歌曲等,同时还要求学生大量说,广泛说英语,帮助他们养成大声朗诵英语的习惯,教他们学唱英文歌曲等。并且落实每周三、周五早读的英语听力训练,还针对普遍的错误进行讲评,要求学生背诵听力材料中优美的段落等。
2. 坚持要求学生课前三分钟讲英语。笔者先编写具代表性的报告范文,印发给学生,选定几名语音语调好的学生先做值日示范,再由全班同学轮流做值日报告。报告内容可以是学校生活、小故事和自由谈话等。最初可按如下几个程序进行:“I’m on duty today. Today is Monday. It’s cloudy today. We are all here...”随着句型、词汇的增多,学生还可按当天实际情况增加内容,应用刚学的词汇和句型进行操练。笔者还引导鼓励学生有计划地进行巩固所学知识的口语训练及一些交际性训练。
3. 将读听教学结合起来,通过阅读传授必要的听力技巧与策略。我国外语教学长期以来十分重视并强调读写之间紧密相联,无论是课程设置还是客观学习条件,甚至是试题的分值都是向着提高阅读理解能力倾斜,造成学生的英语阅读理解率与其英语听力理解率之间存在显著差异。其实适当使用配有录音的语言材料进行英语阅读训练,更有助于提高学生的阅读流畅性,也有助于提高阅读速度与整体的语篇理解率。笔者将英语阅读和听力视为一个接受性语言技能整体,并以此来组织和实施英语教学,如充分利用与课文配套的录音进行阅读教学,不但读前听,还要读后听,增加听力输入的次数。将阅读适时地引入听力教学中,营造一种“以读助听、以听助读”的听力技能训练环境,使每位学生能借助自身的英语阅读优势,有效提高英语听力水平。同时,笔者指导学生听独白或短文时要养成找中心词与主题句的习惯, 通过整体的语篇理解帮助获取信息。
4. 将听力口语和写作练习结合起来进行讲解。例如人教版新目标八年级Unit 6 “I am more outgoing than her.” Section B 2a,听力原文如下:
Interviewer: Who is your best friend, Holly?
Holly: Pete.
Interviewer: Why is he a good friend?
Holly: Because he likes to do the same things as I do. He’s good at sports.
Interviewer: Are you good at sports, too?
Holly: Well, I like sports, but Pete’s more athletic than me. I’d say we’re both pretty outgoing, though.
Interviewer: What else do you like about Pete?
Holly: He’s funnier than I am, and he’s wilder,I’m a little quieter.
Interviewer: How about you, Maria? Who’s your best friend?
Maria: My best friend is Vera.
Interviewer: What do you like about her?
Maria: Well, she’s a good listener, and she can keep a secret- that’s important to me. Interviewer: Is she a lot like you?
Maria: Some people say that we look alike. We are both tall, and we both have long curly hair. But Vera is much quieter than me, and she’s also smarter. I’m more outgoing.
可针对这段听力材料先进行听力训练,再要求学生将所听到的信息串联起来,进行写作练习,然后把自己所写的内容以口语训练的形式复述出来。写作范文如下:Holly’s best friend is Pete. He likes to do the same things as Holly does. Holly is quieter than Pete. Pete is funnier and more athletic. They are both pretty outgoing. Maria’s best friend is Vera. They look alike, but Maria is more outgoing. Vera is much healthier and she is also smarter than Maria.
5. 将听力和语法结合起来进行讲解。如对人教版新目标九年级Unit 6 “I like music that I can dance to.”语法定语从句的讲解,可先听一段几个人评价喜欢什么样的音乐的听力材料,再听填信息,将定语从句的关系代词挖空让学生填空,同时加以讲解。该听填信息材料如下:
第一节:
Betty: Oh, look!There’s the new Cool Kids’CD.
Tony: The Cool Kids? Do you like them?
Betty: Oh, yeah. They’re my favorite band乐队. I like music _____ (that/which) I can dance to.
Tony: You’re kidding. I think they’re awful(难听的). I prefer music____ (that/which)has great lyrics...music ______(that/which) I can sing along with.
Betty: I like songs I can sing along with too. So what’s your favorite band?
Tony: The Lions. Their words are interesting and ...
第二节:
Xu Fei: Look, Carmen. These T-shirts are great!Look at this one.
Carmen: What a great T-shirt, Xu Fei. I really love Dan Dervish. I like musicians(音乐家) _______(that/who) play different kinds of music.
Xu Fei: Hmmm...he’s Okay...
Carmen: He’s only Okay?! You must be joking.
Xu Fei: Well…I like musicians _______(who)write their own songs. Dan Dervish doesn’t write his own music.
Carmen: Hmm, well, I think he’s great.
Xu Fei: The Modern’s T-shirt is interesting.
Carmen: The Modern are really great. I love music ______ (that)is really loud and energetic.
Carmen: I know you do...but I prefer groups_____(that) play quiet and gentle songs.
横线上所需填的词皆为关系代词that/which或who,这样既练习了听力,又学习了定语从句的关系代词。在听填信息、听填并讲解定语从句的关系代词过程中,还串讲并练习了语法,这样既激发了学生的思维,更极大地调动了学生的学习积极性。
责任编辑 魏文琦
一、贯彻“听说领先”教学法策略
美国心理语言学家Wilga M. Rivers认为,听的过程不仅是一个接收的过程而且还是一个建立的过程。第一阶段是感觉阶段,学习者能粗略地识别,根据自己学习第一语言的经验对所听的材料进行初步的切分音段,这基本上是一个被动和接收的阶段。第二阶段是识别阶段,学习者把所接收的信号一个一个地加以识别,把已经识别的与正在识别的联系起来,这个识别过程是积极的、细致的。第三阶段为领悟和建立阶段,学习者通过认知系统重复一遍所听的材料,而且不时地把已经理解的东西与听到的加以对照和修正,通过重新理解,使所听材料成为一种比较容易保留的形式被存入记忆里。这样,理解了的材料得到了改变,被保留下来的是语义信息。
笔者一直坚持在英语课堂教学中采取课文教学听说领先法。在讲授每单元的新课文时,把听说训练同课文教学紧密地结合起来,坚持让学生先听录音,根据所听内容回答课文有关的问题。教师提问必须有一般问句,也有特殊问句,内容有简单的,也有复杂的。这样可以让水平不同的学生都能参与进来,真正达到培养训练学生听、说能力的目的。讲课文时笔者不仅坚持用英语组织教学,而且力图使自己的语音语调准确规范,富有表现力。学生提问或回答问题也尽可能地使用英语。新课文讲完后,要求学生背诵该课文,在此基础上引导学生学会归纳大意进行复述或表演课文内容。课文教学以外还可坚持听写训练,听写的内容可以是课文中的单词、短语、句子或课文缩写。这也是强化听力训练的有效方法。
二、以多种形式在课堂教学中渗透听说训练
1. 有效利用课堂教学资源,加强听力训练,增加语言输入与储备。笔者不但坚持在课堂上大量听,广泛听,听电台,听电视台英语广播,听英文歌曲等,同时还要求学生大量说,广泛说英语,帮助他们养成大声朗诵英语的习惯,教他们学唱英文歌曲等。并且落实每周三、周五早读的英语听力训练,还针对普遍的错误进行讲评,要求学生背诵听力材料中优美的段落等。
2. 坚持要求学生课前三分钟讲英语。笔者先编写具代表性的报告范文,印发给学生,选定几名语音语调好的学生先做值日示范,再由全班同学轮流做值日报告。报告内容可以是学校生活、小故事和自由谈话等。最初可按如下几个程序进行:“I’m on duty today. Today is Monday. It’s cloudy today. We are all here...”随着句型、词汇的增多,学生还可按当天实际情况增加内容,应用刚学的词汇和句型进行操练。笔者还引导鼓励学生有计划地进行巩固所学知识的口语训练及一些交际性训练。
3. 将读听教学结合起来,通过阅读传授必要的听力技巧与策略。我国外语教学长期以来十分重视并强调读写之间紧密相联,无论是课程设置还是客观学习条件,甚至是试题的分值都是向着提高阅读理解能力倾斜,造成学生的英语阅读理解率与其英语听力理解率之间存在显著差异。其实适当使用配有录音的语言材料进行英语阅读训练,更有助于提高学生的阅读流畅性,也有助于提高阅读速度与整体的语篇理解率。笔者将英语阅读和听力视为一个接受性语言技能整体,并以此来组织和实施英语教学,如充分利用与课文配套的录音进行阅读教学,不但读前听,还要读后听,增加听力输入的次数。将阅读适时地引入听力教学中,营造一种“以读助听、以听助读”的听力技能训练环境,使每位学生能借助自身的英语阅读优势,有效提高英语听力水平。同时,笔者指导学生听独白或短文时要养成找中心词与主题句的习惯, 通过整体的语篇理解帮助获取信息。
4. 将听力口语和写作练习结合起来进行讲解。例如人教版新目标八年级Unit 6 “I am more outgoing than her.” Section B 2a,听力原文如下:
Interviewer: Who is your best friend, Holly?
Holly: Pete.
Interviewer: Why is he a good friend?
Holly: Because he likes to do the same things as I do. He’s good at sports.
Interviewer: Are you good at sports, too?
Holly: Well, I like sports, but Pete’s more athletic than me. I’d say we’re both pretty outgoing, though.
Interviewer: What else do you like about Pete?
Holly: He’s funnier than I am, and he’s wilder,I’m a little quieter.
Interviewer: How about you, Maria? Who’s your best friend?
Maria: My best friend is Vera.
Interviewer: What do you like about her?
Maria: Well, she’s a good listener, and she can keep a secret- that’s important to me. Interviewer: Is she a lot like you?
Maria: Some people say that we look alike. We are both tall, and we both have long curly hair. But Vera is much quieter than me, and she’s also smarter. I’m more outgoing.
可针对这段听力材料先进行听力训练,再要求学生将所听到的信息串联起来,进行写作练习,然后把自己所写的内容以口语训练的形式复述出来。写作范文如下:Holly’s best friend is Pete. He likes to do the same things as Holly does. Holly is quieter than Pete. Pete is funnier and more athletic. They are both pretty outgoing. Maria’s best friend is Vera. They look alike, but Maria is more outgoing. Vera is much healthier and she is also smarter than Maria.
5. 将听力和语法结合起来进行讲解。如对人教版新目标九年级Unit 6 “I like music that I can dance to.”语法定语从句的讲解,可先听一段几个人评价喜欢什么样的音乐的听力材料,再听填信息,将定语从句的关系代词挖空让学生填空,同时加以讲解。该听填信息材料如下:
第一节:
Betty: Oh, look!There’s the new Cool Kids’CD.
Tony: The Cool Kids? Do you like them?
Betty: Oh, yeah. They’re my favorite band乐队. I like music _____ (that/which) I can dance to.
Tony: You’re kidding. I think they’re awful(难听的). I prefer music____ (that/which)has great lyrics...music ______(that/which) I can sing along with.
Betty: I like songs I can sing along with too. So what’s your favorite band?
Tony: The Lions. Their words are interesting and ...
第二节:
Xu Fei: Look, Carmen. These T-shirts are great!Look at this one.
Carmen: What a great T-shirt, Xu Fei. I really love Dan Dervish. I like musicians(音乐家) _______(that/who) play different kinds of music.
Xu Fei: Hmmm...he’s Okay...
Carmen: He’s only Okay?! You must be joking.
Xu Fei: Well…I like musicians _______(who)write their own songs. Dan Dervish doesn’t write his own music.
Carmen: Hmm, well, I think he’s great.
Xu Fei: The Modern’s T-shirt is interesting.
Carmen: The Modern are really great. I love music ______ (that)is really loud and energetic.
Carmen: I know you do...but I prefer groups_____(that) play quiet and gentle songs.
横线上所需填的词皆为关系代词that/which或who,这样既练习了听力,又学习了定语从句的关系代词。在听填信息、听填并讲解定语从句的关系代词过程中,还串讲并练习了语法,这样既激发了学生的思维,更极大地调动了学生的学习积极性。
责任编辑 魏文琦